Ryegrass

1: swash - ryegrass (Lolium temulentum ) 2: Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum )

Ryegrass or ryegrass (Lolium ) is a plant genus of the family Gramineae ( Poaceae ). The genus is distributed worldwide.

Lolium was in ancient times the name of the swash - ryegrass.

Features

The genus includes annual to perennial grasses. The culms are erect, decumbent or geniculate - ascending. They are simple or branched at the base. The nodes are bald. The leaf sheaths are serrated. In the non-flowering shoots they have grown almost entirely in the Halmblättern they are down to the base open. The ligule is a membranous hem. Leaf blades are flat, in the buds location, they are rolled or folded. On Spreitengrund sit halmumfassende ears, which can be small or absent, however.

The inflorescence is a spike. The ears are individually on the straw tips. The spikelets are two lines alternate on the ear. The ears axis is edgy and does not break the fruit ripening. The spikelets are slightly compressed, seated and turned to the narrow side to ear axis. This is easily eroded. A spikelet contains 3 to 22 florets, with the top one is often stunted and the rest are hermaphroditic. The Ährchenachse not disintegrate for fruit ripening between the florets, but in Lolium temulentum Lolium and remotum.

The lower glume absent or rudimentary, the top has 3-9 nerves, is shorter or longer than the spikelet, membranous rounded up derbhäutig and back. The lemmas 5-7 nerves are membranous, derbhäutig or cartilaginous thickened. Your back is rounded and can carry a awn below the tip. The palea are two annoying and the same length as the lemmas. There are 3 stamens. The ovary is bald, wears two short terminal stylus with feathery scars.

The caryopses are adherent to the palea. The embryo takes a fifth to a third of the fruit length. The navel is the form of lines and nearly as long as the caryopsis.

As a reserve carbohydrates, fructans are formed. The formation of pyrrolizidine alkaloids is dependent on the occurrence of endophytic fungi, but it is unclear whether the formation is done by the fungi or in response to the fungi by the plants.

Pollination

Among the species, there are third-party and self-pollinator. Between the cross-pollinated species are formed fertile hybrids. Arise between debt and self-pollinators hybrids when the mother plant is a cross-pollinator. The F1 hybrids are usually sterile, but backcrosses are possible with both parents.

System

The genus Lolium is placed in the subfamily Pooideae, tribe Poeae within the grasses. It is closely related to the Schwingeln ( Festuca ), with the meadow fescue genus hybrids can even be formed: (. × festulolium braunii (K. directional ) A. Camus = Lolium multiflorum × Festuca pratensis) German Bastard fescue.

There are eight species in the genus:

  • Italian ryegrass, Italian ryegrass, Vielblütiger ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam; Syn. L. italicum A. Braun ); Area of ​​distribution: from the Azores, Canaries and Madeira over North Africa to southern Europe and Asia Minor, but also synanthropic else in Asia, Africa, North and South America, Tasmania and New Zealand
  • Perennial ryegrass, English ryegrass, Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.); Area of ​​distribution: Europe, Western Asia and North Africa, synanthropic elsewhere in Asia, America, Greenland, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand and Polynesia
  • Lolium persicum Boiss. & High. ex Boiss.; Coverage: Turkey to Afghanistan
  • Linseed ryegrass (Lolium remotum cabinet ); earlier in Europe, rarely here today and only ruderal, but as well as in Asia, North Africa, the Canary Islands and the Azores, in North America and Western Australia
  • Stiff - ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaudin ); with two subspecies: subsp. lepturoides Sennen & Mauricio ( syn. L. loliaceum ) ( Bory & Chaub. ) Hand. - Mazz, . Area of ​​distribution: Canaries and Madeira, coasts of Southern Europe and Western Asia, synanthropic in South Africa, Australia, North and South America
  • Subsp. rigidum; Area of ​​distribution: North Africa, Southern Europe, Madeira, Canary Islands, front to central Asia, also synanthropic in East Asia, Australia, North and South America

A hybrids within the genus is:

  • Lolium × boucheanum Kunth (L. multiflorum × L. perenne; Syn. L. × hybridum Hausskn ), is cultivated

Documents

  • Siegmund Seybold (ed.): Schmeil Fitschen - interactive ( CD -Rom ), Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2001/2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6
  • Walter Erhardt et al: The big walleye. Encyclopedia of plant names. Volume 2 Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 2008. ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7
  • Hans Joachim Conert: Lolium. In: Gustav Hegi: Illustrated Flora of Central Europe. 3rd Edition, Volume I, Part 3, page 633-648. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin, Hamburg, 1996. ISBN 3-8263-3078-1
Perennial plant Vernation Husk Awn (botany) Ovary (botany) Stigma (botany) Cereal germ Endophyte
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