Sapindaceae

Bladder Ash ( Koelreuteria paniculata )

The Soapberry ( Sapindaceae ) form a family of plants that belongs to the order of the soap tree -like ( Sapindales ). Most of the approximately 142 genera with about 1900 species occur in tropical regions, a few species are distributed only in the moderate zones.

Description

Since the family was assembled at the current rate of several families to molekularphylogenetischen reasons, very few features are common.

There are mostly woody plants: trees, shrubs or lianas; rarely there are also herbaceous plants. They are evergreen or deciduous. The leaves are alternate and spirally arranged or opposite on the branches. The most functionally unisexual flowers are four or fünfzählig. Most three (two to six) carpels are fused into an ovary. Are formed very different fruit. The seeds often have an aril, which can be toxic as long as they are immature.

Dissemination

The Soapberry are developed very rich, especially in the tropics. They colonize the entire tropical South America, Africa and Asia, said even Australia, New Zealand and Oceania. In the temperate zones of the northern hemisphere, in North America, Europe and East Asia, only a few species occur such as maples ( Acer).

System

The family was erected in 1789 under the name " Sapindi " by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in Genera Plantarum, p 246. Synonyms for Sapindaceae Juss. are: Aceraceae Juss, Aesculaceae Burnett, Allophylaceae Martynov, Dodonaeaceae Kunth ex Small, Hippocastanaceae A.Rich, Koelreuteriaceae J.Agardh, Paulliniaceae Durande, nom. .. inval. , Paviaceae Horan. The botanical name is derived from the Latin words together for sapo soap and India for India.

The Sapindaceae family is divided into four sub-families; it comprises about 142 genera with 1600-1900 species.

Findings between about 2000 and 2009 have shown that the genera of recent maple family ( Aceraceae ) and the horse chestnut family ( Hippocastanaceae ), classified in the subfamily of the horse chestnut family ( Hippocastanoideae ) must be grouped into the family of Soapberry. Common to all Sapindaceae is originally the formation of a disc at the base of the flower that is missing in the secondary wind-pollinated species. The four subfamilies are distinguished by the construction of the ovary; the Sapindoideae have only one ovule, the Hippocastanoideae have two ovules Dodonaeoideae have two or more ovules and the Xanthoceroideae six to eight ovules per ovary compartment ( corresponds to a carpel ) on. This corresponds to the view of the Sapindaceae family to AGP and AGP II III ( Angiosperm Phylogeny Group).

Here the sub-families with their genera:

  • Hippocastanoideae Burnett: it contains four genera with about 130 species.
  • Sapindoideae Burnett: it contains about 135 genera and 1185 species:
  • Dodonaeoideae Burnett: Most types are available in Australia and Southeast Asia. She has long included only two genera with about 70 species. Today it contains about 20 genera: Arfeuillea Pierre ex Radlk. Using only one type: Arfeuillea arborescens Pierre ex Radlk. ; it is found in Southeast Asia.
  • Euchorium cubense Ekman & Radlk. It occurs only in Cuba.
  • Euphorianthus euneurus ( Miq. ) PWLeenhouts: She has deposits in eastern Malaysia's from the Philippines to Vanuatu, the New Hebrides.
  • Eurycorymbus cavaleriei ( H.Lév. ) Rehder & Handel-Mazzetti: It comes in laurel forests at altitudes 300-1400 meters in China.
  • Hippobromus pauciflorus Radlk. She comes along the east coast of South Africa from the Eastern Cape, through KwaZulu -Natal to Swaziland and then domestically by Transvaal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga and Soutpansberg. Considered in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " least concern " = " not at risk ".
  • Loxodiscus coriaceus Hook. f: It occurs only in New Caledonia.
  • Magonia pubescens A.St. - Hil. It occurs in Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay.
  • Xanthoceroideae Thorne & Reveal ( Maybe in a new family Xanthoceraceae Buerki, CALLM & Lowry. ): It contains only one genus: Xanthoceras Bunge: It is a monotypic genus with the only kind: Yellow Horn ( Xanthoceras sorbifolia ): The home is the northern and northeastern China and Korea.

Use

Many maple species and varieties are planted in temperate latitudes as ornamentals in parks and gardens. Also bubble ash, horse chestnut species and varieties (Aesculus ) are ornamental trees for temperate latitudes.

The wood of many Acer species are used in many ways, see maple. Some Aesculus species are used for timber production.

Many tropical species are for timber production. From two Pometia species the wood is known as " kasai ", " Matoa ", " megan ", " taun " in the trade. Harpullia pendula also provides good wood.

Various species are medicinal, used as a vegetable or as a fish poison. In some genera there are ornamental Cardiospermum, Dictyoneura, Filicium, Koelreuteria, Lepisanthes for tropical areas. Fenced with Dodonaea angustifolia. As shade trees serve Dodonaea angustifolia and Filicium species. Many species of the family Sapindaceae yield edible fruits: longan ( longan Dimocarpus ), litchi ( Litchi chinensis ) and rambutan ( Nephelium lappaceum ) and edible seeds.

For the production of food and ackee ( Blighia sapida ) is utilized. Some Diploglottis types provide jams and juices. The leaves and young shoots of Cardiospermum halicacabum and Koelreuteria paniculata be eaten cooked like spinach. The flowers and leaves of yellow horn ( Xanthoceras sorbifolium ) are eaten cooked. Maple syrup is known.

Some types of the fruit peel of Western soap tree ( Sapindus saponaria ), or the bark of Jagera pseudorhus be used for making soap. Be used to wash the fruits of the wash walnut ( Sapindus mukorossi ) or products thereof.

Swell

  • The Sapindaceae in APWebsite family. ( Section systematics and description)
  • Sven Buerki, F. Forest, P. Acevedo - Rodríguez, Martin W. Callmander, JA Nylander, M. Harrington, I. Sanmartín, Philippe Küpfer & Nadir Alvarez: plastid and nuclear DNA markers reveal intricate relationships at subfamilial and tribal levels in the soapberry family ( Sapindaceae ), In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 51, ​​Issue 2, 2009, pp. 238-258: fulltext PDF, 476 kb.
  • Nianhe Xia & Paul A. Gadek: Sapindaceae in the Flora of China, Volume 12, 2007, p 6: Online and Tingzhi Xu, Yousheng Chen, Piet C. de Jong, Herman John Oterdoom & Chin- Sung Chang: Aceraceae in the Flora of China, Volume 11, 2008 pp. 516. online. ( Description section )
  • Sven Buerki, Porter P. Lowry II, Nadir Alvarez, Sylvain G. Razafimandimbison, Philippe Küpfer & Martin W. Callmander: Phylogeny and circumscription of Sapindaceae revisited: molecular sequence data, morphology and biogeography support recognition of a new family, Xanthoceraceae, In: Plant Ecology and Evolution, Volume 143, Issue 2, 2010, pp. 148-159: doi: 10.5091/plecevo.2010.437 full-Text PDF. ( Aceraceae and Hippocastanaceae probably not in Sapindaceae and a new family Xanthoceraceae Buerki, CALLM. & Lowry. )
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