Sapotaceae

Gutta Percha ( Palaquium gutta ), illustration

The plant family of Sapotengewächse ( Sapotaceae ), also called Sapotagewächse or Breiapfelgewächse, belongs to the order of the heather -like ( Ericales ) within the angiosperms. Some species are used by humans; the best-known types of Breiapfelbaum ( Manilkara zapota ) and the star apple tree belongs ( Chrysophyllum cainito ).

  • 5.1 Notes and references

Description

Vegetative characteristics

They are evergreen or deciduous, trees and shrubs. They contain latex.

The leaves are arranged in whorls or alternate summarized in short shoots. The leaves consist of petiole and leaf blade. The petiole has downward -running channels or cavities that form on the top wing. The simple leaf blade is leathery, pinnately, glossy and silky hand, usually hairy. The leaf margin is usually entire, rarely toothed. The stomata are usually anomocytisch or rare paracytisch. If stipules are present, they fall quickly.

Generative features

Rare sit the flowers solitary, mostly summarized in pendant, very differently constructed inflorescences. The radial symmetry flowers are often four or fünfzählig, rarely mehrzählig and they usually hermaphrodite or unisexual rare. The generally four to eight (two to eleven) sepals are free to grow together and there is either a circle with four to six, or two circles, each with two to four sepals. The generally four to eight ( rarely up to 18 nine ) petals are fused; the Corolla lobe can be divided. The flowers have a stamen to three circles with usually six times as many stamens as petals. In the flowers, there are usually three to twelve (one to 30) carpels, which are fused into a superior ovaries with the same number of subjects such as carpels. The style ends in a capitate or slightly lobed stigma. It is a nectar discus available.

There are usually berries, sometimes also stone fruit or fruit capsules formed with one to ten seeds. The large seeds are brown to black and shiny. If an endosperm is present, then it is oily.

The base chromosome numbers be n = 7, 9-13.

Systematics and distribution

They have a pantropical distribution. The origin of the Sapotaceae family lies about 100 million years ago probably in Southeast Asia. Pollen finds from the Paleocene in Europe and in the early Eocene ( about 50 million years ago ) in Europe and North America show that this family earlier had a much wider distribution.

The Sapotaceae family was published in 1789 by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu as " Sapotae " Genera Plantarum in, 151. Type genus is Sapota million today a synonym of Manilkara Adans. is. Synonyms for Sapotaceae Juss. are: Achradaceae Vest, Boerlagellaceae HJLam, Bumeliaceae Barnhart, Sarcospermataceae HJLam, nom. cons .. This family was earlier today incorporated in the orders Sapotales JDHooker, Ebenales Engler and is in the order of the Ericales.

The Sapotaceae family Juss. is divided into three subfamilies with 53 genera and about 1100 to more than 1200 species:

  • Subfamily Chrysophylloideae Luersson: pantropical. Is divided into two tribes, with 25-26 genera and about 550 species: Tribus Chrysophylleae: With about 19 genera: Aubregrinia Heine, with only one type: Aubregrinia taiensis ( Aubrév. & Pellegr. ) Heine; they occur in tropical West Africa
  • Breviea sericea Aubrév. & Pellegr. ; it occurs in West Africa
  • Chrysophyllum januariense Eichler; they occurred in Brazil
  • Miracle Fruit ( Synsepalum dulcificum ( Schumach. & Thonn. ) Daniell )
  • Magodendron Vink: With about two types; they occur in the eastern New Guinea
  • Omphalocarpum P.Beauv. With about 27 species.
  • Tridesmostemon Engl: With about two types; they occur in Africa.
  • Tsebona Capuron, with only one type: Tsebona macrantha Capuron; it occurs in eastern Madagascar.
  • Diploon Cronquist, with only one type: Diploon cuspidatum ( Hoehne ) Cronquist; they occur in tropical South America
  • Subfamily Sarcospermatoideae Swenson & Anderberg with only one species in eastern Asia and the Malay Archipelago: Sarcosperma Hook. f There are six to eleven evergreen tree species; they occur in Indomalesien.
  • Subfamily Sapotoideae Eaton: Is divided into three tribes with 27 genera and 543 species. Overall, they have a pantropical distribution: Approximately 300 species are in the Indo-Pacific area, about 150 species in Africa and the New World are located about 75 species. Tribus Mimusopeae: With about 17 genera: Autranella A.Chev. With the only kind: Autranella congolensis ( De Wild. ) A.Chev. ; it occurs in West Africa
  • Baillonella toxisperma Pierre; they occur in tropical West Africa
  • Letestua durissima ( A.Chev. ) Lecomte; they occur in tropical West Africa
  • Breiapfelbaum ( Manilkara zapota (L. ) P. Royen ); it provides chicle.
  • Mimusops elengi L.; it is cultivated for its fragrant flowers; their home is the tropical Asia, Australia, New Caledonia and Vanuatu
  • Northia seychellana Hook:. It occurs only in the Seychelles.
  • Shea tree, also Sheanussbaum or shea butter tree ( Vitellaria paradoxa CFGaertn, Syn. Bassia parkii G.Don, Butyrospermum paradoxum ( CFGaertn. ) Hepper, Butyrospermum parkii ( G.Don ) Kotschy )
  • Aulandra H.J.Lam: With about three types; They occur in Borneo.
  • Burckella Pierre: With about 13 species; They occur up to the Tonga Islands from eastern Malaysia's.
  • Diploknema Pierre: With about seven species; they come in Indomalesien before, a kind in China ( Yunnan ).
  • Isonandra Wight: With about ten species; they komen ago in South India and Sri Lanka
  • Guttaperchabäume ( Palaquium Blanco ): With approximately 120 species in Malaysia's.
  • Payena A.DC.: With about 20 species; they are found in western Malaysia's and the Philippines ( Mindanao ).
  • Argania Roem. & Schult. With the only kind: Argan tree ( Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels ): This species is critically endangered and is found only in southern Morocco ( Souss ).
  • Milk bush ( Sideroxylon inerme L.): This species occurs in the Cap- laurel forest.
  • Sideroxylon mirmulano R. Br; this species occurs in the laurel forest on Madeira; it is native to Macaronesia.
  • Calvariabaum ( Sideroxylon grandiflorum A. DC. ); it occurs only in Mauritius.

Use

The Breiapfelbaum ( Manilkara zapota ) returns with the chicle one of the most important ingredients of the chewing gum industry. The " Mamey " mentioned fruits of sapota Pouteria and Manilkara zapota can be processed into desserts and beverages. The star apple tree ( Chrysophyllum cainito ) provides edible fruit and is planted as an ornamental tree. The dried milk of the Guttaperchabaumes ( Palaquium gutta ), the gutta-percha, and took place partly still a multiple use. The miracle berry, also known as miracle fruit, of Synsepalum dulcificum is used as a sweetener. The shea tree ( Vitellaria paradoxa ), also called Sheanussbaum, shea butter tree or African butter tree, is used in many ways. The argan tree ( Argania spinosa) is grown for oil production.

More images

Star apple tree ( Chrysophyllum cainito ):

Fruit

Some species from the eastern Java, Indonesia

Seed

Swell

  • The Sapotaceae in the APWebsite family. ( Section systematics and description)
  • Description of the Sapotaceae family at DELTA. ( Description section )
  • Shugang Li & TD Pennington: Sapotaceae in the Flora of China: Volume 15, p 205: Online. ( Description section )
  • Wayne Elise J., R. David Whetstone, Richard P. Wunderlin: Sapotaceae in the Flora of North America: Volume 8, page 232: Online. ( Description section )
  • FK Kupicha: Sapotaceae in Flora Zambesiaca, Volume 7, 1983: Online.
  • Arne A. Anderberg & Ulf Swenson: Evolutionary lineages in Sapotaceae ( Ericales ): A cladistic analysis based on ndhF sequence data, in International Journal of Plant Sciences, 164, 2003, pp. 763-773. .
  • Ulf Swenson & Arne A. Anderberg: Phylogeny, character evolution, and classification of Sapotaceae ( Ericales ), in Cladistics 21 (2 ), 2005, pp. 101-130. .
  • Igor V. Bartish, Ulf Swenson, Jérôme Munzinger & Arne A. Anderberg: Phylogenetic relationships among New Caledonian Sapotaceae ( Ericales ): molecular evidence for generic polyphyly and repeated dispersal, in American Journal of Botany, 92, 2005, pp. 667-673.
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