Schema (Kant)
Schematism is an instrument related to the doctrine of the categories of Aristotle determination on the basic requirements of concept formation. Here is the link with concrete experience, of which a statement to make is essential. The speech patterns or statement schedules required to take into account some forms of judgment not only give information on the subject consciousness, but are of importance for the method of knowledge.
Immanuel Kant
Critique of Pure Reason
The schemata of the imagination is the connecting third party between the views of the sensuality and the nascent of mind ) a ( CPR B 177) at Immanuel Kant. It is used for determining power of judgment ( subsumption ) as well as the reflective judgment. This mediation has transcendental character, because it ties together both strains of knowledge, sensibility and understanding ( CPR B 29).
The so-called schematism of forming a generally difficult to access, but key piece of the epistemology of the Critique of Pure Reason. Kant's epistemology is based on the comparison of sensibility and understanding as separate sources of knowledge. While the sensuality receives intuitions which are subject to the order of dimensions or forms of intuition, space and time, operated on the mind of terms. These are, for Kant, but also functions of judgment, that is, they are either mental processes or at least standards that must be able to emulate the mental processes to connect to judge individual performances. All concepts are based on the "pure concepts of the understanding ," the categories that represent the basic mental functions: Namely, the perception connected encountered beliefs are thought linked according to the categories and so on the one hand released from the individual experience of perception, on the other hand recognized as a repetitive feature of various perceptual experiences.
So this notion of what is perceived can succeed as category -linked form, is as a schema mediation necessary that says what the term means in terms of space and time as forms of intuition, ie on the one hand, as a deliberately produced presentation ( an illusion ) needs to be generated to meet the perceptual experience and on the other hand, as the perceptual experience should be designed to meet the characteristics of the concept. The relationship between imagination and schematism is represented by Kant so that " the schema of sensuous terms ... a product and, as a monogram of the pure imagination a priori " embodies. ( CPR B 181)
Kant argues that " even the use of a term is a function of the power of judgment" part, which creates a special object under these very general concept together as a unit or is subsumed ( CPR B 93, B 176). " If this condition of judgment (schema), so subsuming all falls away; For it is given nothing subsumed under the term (in focus ) could be ( CPR A 247 ). "
Task of the mind is the synthesis of the manifold of empirical to conceptual units ( CPR A 115, 123, 125). However, this synthesis must be done according to rules a priori, ie must be independent of each experience. Just as the mind can fulfill its proper function. Kant emphasizes in the second version of the Deduction of the first edition of the Critique of Pure Reason:
This is therefore the schematism Kant described by a power of judgment, which allows a concept to make " clear " to by a general oriented to the sensory perception performance. This pictorial presentation but must explicitly not be confused with the actually sensual qualities of concrete perception ( CPR B 179).
The pictorial presentation of the scheme, according to Kant brings together all those differences and special kind of concrete Such differences are generally to be understood by Kant as temporal changes.
Aesthetic judgments
A view of an idea can never be properly assigned ( CJ, § 59 B 254). In the judgment of the Beautiful and Sublime also schematism is not decisive, but rather is exemplary validity of the verdict decisive (CJ, § 22, B 67). While we can distinguish many things with the general right to beauty, but beauty itself is thus at most volatile apparently.
Just the variety of physical sensation is probably decisive in aesthetic judgments. Similarly, the importance of the schema for the intellect, the example of the judgment, for example, in terms of beauty is essential, therefore, whenever we deal with special things ( CJ, § 57, Note II, B 254).
Külpe anticipation scheme
Oswald Külpe (1862-1915) coined the term the anticipated scheme as explicit connoisseur of Kant and his doctrine of the schematism. He has embraced the concept of the schema psychological and neurophysiological revealing. He went from a while systematically how dynamic ordering cause in thinking. Schemes are responsible for ensuring that perceptible events are ever thus and not otherwise perceived, see Scheme (psychology ) as a representation of a fact in his - at least subjectively considered - the most important aspects. His point of view has also been adopted in a logical way. Külpe different logical Aprioriät of a genetic. Example of the logical a priori nature of the mind is the set 7 5 = 12 From genetic priori nature of the mind talking about Kant, in that he had the independence of knowledge from experience in mind. Hermann Cohen (1842-1918) had established a priori logical than an epistemological determination alone useful. Anticipation is a psychological construct of Granville Stanley Hall (1844-1924) and means mental anticipation. Hall was able to demonstrate experimentally that some syllables were reproduced reproducible prematurely at a constant Vpn in learning nonsense syllables. This he called anticipation reaction or anticipation errors.
Jaspers
The differences between imagination and perception of current knowledge, to go from Tab 1 shows, even if they are more likely to emphasize the differences between inner and outer eye and leave open the question whether there are also differences between perceptions and ideas to senses other spheres than that of optical. As such, the table follows the term ' clarity ' and accepts the limitation related back to optical sensory quality. However, the look has not necessarily optical character. Look has similar seeing only high subjective security rank. - Pictorial representations according to Kant ( views ) arise from a general and unified by the pure imagination brought forth design that is only comparable to a memory image. Imagination makes the empirical use of their reproductive ability only possible ( CPR A 115, 123, 125). Says Hannah Arendt:
Modified juxtaposition of perception and conception by Karl Jaspers, easy: Table 1
Arendt
Hannah Arendt has worked out the contrast of visual and auditory sense. The sense of hearing is characterized by her as the meaning of the temporal sequence of sensations. You quoting Hans Jonas. In contrast, stand the sight, which is a, simultaneous multiplicity ' deliver us. In the Jewish, Islamic and Christian beliefs such as the conceptualization of God is subject to the prohibition of pictorial representation, see → abstraction theory. Also, the scheme is recognized as a form of abstraction.
In the experiment, but to show the authorization and the limits of the schematism, to three specific examples are noted, the examples of Achilles (1 ) Jesus of Nazareth (2) and of Francis of Assisi ( 3) Hannah Arendt document has applied to " exemplary validity " according to Kant. She writes:
The experience and evaluation of very different facts of experience includes a schematism in Kant's sense of values based on experimental validity and thus the philosophy of values is not enough.
Hannah Arendt (1906-1975) relates in your lecture " on Kant's Political Philosophy " on the schematism Kant and the related role of the imagination as well as his concept of exemplary validity. She held the thirteen- hour lecture in 1970 at the New School for Social Research in New York. So obviously she represented " a conception of political science that provides the special ( stories, historical examples) and not universals ( the concept of the historical process, general laws of history ) into the center. Arendt cites Kant, to make it clear that the schemes for the realization provide what examples of the judgment provide ( CJ, § 59). "
Gadamer
Method of humanities induction described in the by Hans -Georg Gadamer (1900-2002) refers to this explicitly on Kant, see nachstehendes quote at the very beginning of Gadamer's Truth and Method. Gadamer, however, relies on the humanities induction on the tact, as well as Kant in the analysis of aesthetic judgment on the taste ( CJ, § 1, B 3 f footnote). But richness of memory required by Gadamer for so to be designated as a psychological- empirical induction. This is certainly not in the sense of Kant's schematism. Experience has, according to Kant " no true universality " ( CPR B 241). This is also true for the induction on empirical rules ( CPR B 124; cf a CPR B 3, 241, 356).
In addition, however, corresponds to the " perception of the social-historical world ", cf d extract, fully the internal sense of Kant and his excellent temporal form of intuition, see par time. Also corresponds to the description of the humanities method in Gadamer ultimately probably the reciprocal process of subsumed and reflective judgment in Kant and the special role that it plays the individual and particular, see casus in terminis ( CPR B 173) and a priori judgment (CJ B XXV et seq.)
Gadamer holds well so far the distinction of the determining and reflective judgment to which Kant refers in KdU as " not absolute ." He refers to Hegel, it recognizes it, but it considers each subjective skills. Also on the relativization by Kuno Fischer of the antithesis of given and findendem generally in the sense of the philosophy of identity is informed by Gadamer. Hannah Arendt holds the schematism in any case to the judgment, according to Kant applicable (ibid.). the importance of the individual case she shares here with its importance to the political philosophy of Kant. procedures related to humanities induction Gadamer writes:
Analytic Philosophy
The et al based on formation of concepts necessary knowledge contributes subjective traits. Kant said: " The concepts of the understanding press all actus the mental powers of ... " From this the following can be concluded: " Transcendental philosophy is thus committed to a theory of such" mental powers ", namely cognizant to a theory of subjectivity according to their need for experience, but of experience independent services. "
This was the reason for supporters of analytic philosophy to investigate the role of experience in the ( transcendental ) formation of concepts in more detail and thus to re- take up Kant's doctrine of schematism. Schemes are understood always structured. For the analytical philosophy was, therefore, to seek this structure in a philosophy of language accessible to experience linguistic and also for understanding relationship ratio of terms with each other. Subjective epistemological functions have been here a total discarded. It referred only to z.T. on the analytic judgments Kant - cf. also the structure of his table of categories - mainly closed to the one introduced in the Prolegomena term of the analytical method.
Against this experience, scientific concept of a philosophy considerable objections were raised. While Kant assumed a fixed structure in the human mind, which connects the diversity of phenomena to matching conceptual units, you went from the analytical philosophy from a fixed logical structure of concepts. However, these solid and enduring structure of concepts and axioms must also be verifiable if you want to question the verifiability of the resistance of subjective cognitive performance. From this perspective one has to rely on criteria which require again the review. Neither the one nor the other premise but can be safely objectify. Even if this were possible, it would require for the antithesis of analytic philosophy a verification principle for the alleged persistence of objects without our perception. The continuation of the articles without our perception can be viewed as a counter- claim to Kant's thesis of the Copernican revolution ( CPR B XVI f ). Thus Kant thought that our experience, governed by the power of perception and not vice versa, as was generally believed until then.
Given the lack of provability of both said approaches, ie both of transcendental philosophy and analytic philosophy Bittner says that so both have qualified. An alternative to the basic assertion of transcendental philosophy would be to relativize the conceptual framework or the fundamental conceptual features of the human a priori. This conceptual skills namely " be partly instilled, in part deliberately chosen, and we accept or reject them from the same kind of reasons as any other theory." They were without doubt the ideal of enlightened reason Kant. Abandonment of such enlightened conviction would at the same time also an object of hope, " to make basic conditions of experience and objectivity, of course, and thus to deprive them of their strangeness. "
Critical rationalism
The last position expressed Bittner seems to be a fundamental criticism of theories that are closely related to positivism. Yes it seems to apply also to the critical rationalism (KR ). Bernhard Döring comes to a similar conclusion in his study of the reference poppers on the transcendental philosophy of Kant. The KR stress with reference to Kant, the role of the enlightened mind the cognitive process. This, however, done at the expense of the idealistic philosophy of Kant and that school that destroyed the enlightenment considered by Popper, that the romantic school of German Idealism. To get knowledge of an overly deterministic aspect. " The first completely indeterminate " object ", we perceive ," affected " (ie, he suggests, but does not determine ) our sensibility, creating a more content indefinitely " sensation " caused and will be arranged by the mind to " terms ". " This criticism of Popper is to also refer to the schematism Kant, as the scheme is not to be understood as an already finished structure, but rather an actively developed under the influence of sensations idea on which the indefinite object of intuition, the phenomenon to be measured can. The following excerpt is Döring first refers to a thought poppers, although he does not continue the thought in the context of LR. :
Structuralism and functionalism
Similar to the analytical philosophy, structuralism emphasizes the value of linguistic structures. Structures are based on the French structuralism, as it occurred after the Second World War, real world phenomena that can be revealed objectively present and subjective. Structure is always closely linked with function. Functionalism was not only in the sensory and nervous physiology of meaning, see the above term of anticipation scheme, but has also found in sociology and political science, new interpretations, such as with Jürgen Habermas and Niklas Luhmann. If we understand a form of schematism principle which provides insight as structuralism and functionalism are already included.
In the main article, the term structuralism of language is introduced as a system of signs, as the sum of written and spoken language (French langue ), it was generally in a particular era or whether in linguistically representative of a particular era writers. For the understanding of a living language, however, are essential in addition to these general features, the each changing, highly individual styles of speech of individual natural members of the linguistic community (French parole). The phrase " la parole à qn address extension. ", Ie ask for attention, therefore, used this always comprehensible only as individual speech act term " parole" instead of the generally binding term " langue ".
This distinction between langue and parole franz can serve as supplemental information for the above-mentioned in paragraph Analytic Philosophy contrast between Kant's thesis of the Copernican revolution and the position of the analytical continuation of the articles without our perception. Langue and parole are similar to perception and imagination in a constant productive exchange ratio. So it can not be an either-or, but only to a both-and also in the assessment of both theses. Both views may be recognized as structural conditions.