Scilloideae

Illustration: left: Schopfige Grape Hyacinth ( Muscari comosum, Syn: Leopoldia comosa ) right: vineyard grape hyacinth ( Muscari neglectum, Syn: Muscari racemosum )

Description and ecology

Habitus and sheets

These are perennial herbaceous plants. They form almost all onions, rarely rhizomes as outlasting from that at these typical geophytes are indeed mostly underground, but there are also some types onions aboveground ago. Especially the underground plant parts contain mucilaginous sap.

Most types of Scilloideae prefer open, sunny areas with hot, dry growing seasons. Areas with distinct dry seasons are home to many species. In temperate areas, they grow as spring geophytes in the deciduous hardwood forests. But there are autumn flowering species ( for example, the autumn squill Prospero autumnale). Only a few species (eg, Rhadamanthus urgineoides from Madagascar ) grow as epiphytes on trees in rainforests. In the tropical lowlands, there is little species. They are usually seasonal green ( for example, only in the rainy season or only in the spring) or more rarely evergreen.

The change-constant and most often spirally arranged in basal rosettes leaves are usually upright upwards, in some species they are but flat on the floor. The simple, sessile leaves are parallel-veined, entire and often more or less lanceolate. In most cases the hairless leaves are monochrome, but some species, particularly the Ledebouria, Lachenalia and Eucomis are striking dark green drawn to purple. In some species the Lachenalia and Massonia has the upper leaf surface warts, spots or hair. In a few species the leaves have a different shape: very narrow to needle- shaped or cylindrical.

Inflorescences and flowers

Usually a non- exfoliated inflorescence stem is present. The flowers are grouped in terminal, simple or branched, usually racemose, rarely aged men or when the inflorescence axes are greatly shortened, acting capitate inflorescences. Each flower is in the armpit of a large to tiny high sheet. In some species a second small bract is formed at the base of each flower stalk.

The hermaphrodite flowers are in threes, as in most monocotyledons ( monocots ) and mostly radial symmetry. With very few Daubenya types of the lower flowers of the inflorescence are more or less two-lipped, so zygomorph. The flowers of some species strongly scented. The colors of the bracts range from greenish to greyish, from white to blue and from yellow to orange to red. In many Lachenalia species the bracts are multi-colored, often with dark tips. There are two circles, each with three bloom cladding available; they are all the same polymorphic or only that of a circle are equal. They are free or fused Roehrig at their base. There are usually two (except for the species of the genus Albuca, there lacks a circle) circles, each with three free stamens present, usually are fertile all the stamens. The stamens can be fused with the bloom cladding. Three carpels are fused into a superior ovaries; only Bowiea he is half inferior. The Upper constant ovary distinguishes the Scilloideae of the onion also forming Amaryllidaceae. There are Septalnektarien available. Each of the three ovary chambers contains in the center a few to many ovules. The style is simple. The flowers of most species are long (several days ), except for all Drimia species in which they are stable up to one day lasting only a few hours.

Fruit and seeds

The dry fruit capsules are very variable in shape and open dreiklappig. Most seeds are black by Phytomelane. The flattened seeds of the tribe Urgineeae have wing-like edges and are spread by the wind. The tribe of Hyacintheae has smooth and spherical to pear- shaped seeds.

Dissemination

The distribution is mainly the Old World. The centers of biodiversity are the Capensis with about 200 species, there particularly in winter rainfall areas, and the Mediterranean. There are natural occurrences in the whole of Europe to the Urals, in Africa except the areas of the Sahara and the tropical rain forest, on the Arabian peninsula from Asia Minor to the Caucasus, Central Asia, East Asia, the Indian Subcontinent and the Himalayas. Only the genus Oziroë is found in the South American Andes.

System

The genus name of Hyacinthus, Scilla Ornithogalum and have already been used in Ancient Greece. In Species Plantarum Linnaeus 1753 has these three genera first published.

The group used to contain fewer species. Especially since the molecular genetic studies, the the broad old classes proved to be paraphyletic and had to be split into many smaller genera, so that they are monophyletic. Overall, as monophyletic genera and tribes could be set up.

The kinship group to Drimia has been edited since about 1998 times more scientifically and repeatedly broken down differently. In 2004, they gave Manning Drimia S. L. the largest scale with over 100 species. From Speta (1998) they were in the 13 genera Drimia Jacq. ex Willd. ( ten species), squill ( Charybdis Speta ) Urginea Steinh., Ebertia Speta, Fusifilum Raf., Litanthus Harv. , Rhadamanthus Salisb. , Rhadamanthopsis ( Obermeyer ) Speta, Schizobasis Baker, Tenicroa Raf., Thuranthos CHWright, Urginavia Speta and Urgineopsis Compton. been divided. This controversial discussion will probably be out on.

The hyacinth plants were classified as family by Franz Speta (1998 ) and Martin Pfosser & Franz Speta (1999), in four morphologically difficult to distinguish, but molecular genetic clearly monophyletic subfamilies and contained about 70 genera with about 1000 species. As part of the APG III by Mark W. Chase, James L. Reveal and Michael F. Fay (2009) was the family hyacinth plants found ( Hyacinthaceae ) as a subfamily of the family Scilloideae Asparagaceae, whereby the previous sub-families have received the rank of tribe. The name Scilloideae results from the priority rule. This classification of the hyacinth plants in the Asparagaceae sl not follow all scientists (eg, Goldblatt et al., 2012).

The new subfamily Scilloideae contains four tribes with the genera:

  • Tribus Oziroëeae: it contains only one genus:
  • Oziroë Raf. , The five species occur in the Andes in western South America.
  • Tribus Ornithogaleae Speta: From Manning in 2004 combined into a single class, by Manning et. al. 2009 and four in Martínez- Azorin et. al. 2011 in 19 genera divided:
  • Albuca L. (syn.: Igidia Speta ): The about 149 species occur mainly in Southern Africa and East Africa, but also to Ethiopia and Saudi Arabia as well as Chad and Nigeria reaching.
  • Avonsera Speta: it contains only one type:
  • Avonsera convallarioides ( H.Perrier ) Speta: It is native to Madagascar.
  • Battandiera Maire: With about eight species in arid regions of Southern Africa and East Africa; while they do not occur in the Capensis. Only Battandiera amoena is native to North Africa.
  • Cathissa Salisb. :: It contains only three species in the Iberian Peninsula and Morocco.
  • Coilonox Raf. Contains about 30 species in winter rainfall areas, mainly in the western South Africa, but to southern Namibia reaching.
  • Dipcadi Medik. ( Syn: Zuccangnia Thunb nom rej, Uropetalon Burch ex Ker Gawl nom Superfl, Polemannia PJBergius ex Schltdl, Baeoterpe Salisb, Tricharis Salisb. .. .. .. .. . ): It contains about 40 species in Europe, Middle East, North, East Africa, Southern Africa, Socotra, Madagascar and India.
  • Elsiea F.M.Leight. Contains only one type:
  • Elsiea corymbosa FMLeight. Thrives in mountainous regions of southwestern South Africa.
  • Orange Star of Bethlehem ( Eliokarmos dubius ( Houtt. ) Mart. - Azorin, MBCrespo & Juan, syn. Ornithogalum dubium Houtt. )
  • Ethesia Raf. The approximately four species occur in southern Namibia and arid areas in front of the western and central Africa.
  • Galtonia Decne. The five species occur in temperate and subtropical areas of eastern South Africa and Swaziland, including:
  • Giant Chincherinchee ( Galtonia saundersiae ( Baker) Mart. - Azorin, MBCrespo & Juan, Syn: Zahariadia saundersiae ( Baker) Speta, Ornithogalum saundersiae Baker).
  • Honorius Gray: The eight species occur in South Eastern Europe and Western Asia, for example:
  • Green Star of Bethlehem ( Honorius boucheanus ( Kunth ) Holub, syn. Ornithogalum boucheanum ( Kunth ) Asch. )
  • Nodding Star of Bethlehem ( Honorius nutans (L. ) Gray, Syn: Ornithogalum nutans L.)
  • Melomphis Raf. Contains only three species in the Mediterranean and the Near East.
  • Neopatersonia Schönland: it contains about four species in the southwestern and southern parts of South Africa.
  • Nicipe Raf. Contains approximately 44 species mainly in southern and eastern Africa, but to the north ends of the distribution area of the Sahara.
  • Milk stars ( Ornithogalum L.): With up to 200 earlier, now about 50 species in Europe, the Middle East to Afghanistan and North Africa.
  • Pseudogaltonia ( Kuntze ) Engl ( Syn: Lindneria T.Durand & Lubbers ): it contains only two species in Botswana, Namibia and northwestern South Africa.
  • Stellarioides Medik. Contains about 30 species in temperate and subtropical regions of Southern Africa, but to Ethiopia reaching. Only Stellarioides sessiliflora is based in Algeria and Morocco.
  • Trimelopter Raf. Contains about ten species mainly in southern Namibia and western South Africa, but to the central and northeastern South Africa -reaching.
  • Tribus Urgineeae:
  • Bowiea Harv. ex Hook.f.: With only one type instead of the previous two types, as well Bowiea kilimandscharica Mildbr. a synonym of Bowiea volubilis Harv. ex Hook.f. is.
  • Drimia Jacq. ex Willd. ( Syn: .. Boosia Speta, Charybdis Speta, Duthiea Speta, Ebertia Speta, Geschollia Speta, Idothea Kunth, Idothearia C.Presl, Indurgia Speta, Ledurgia Speta, Litanthus Harv, Pilasia Raf, Rhadamanthopsis ( Oberm. ) Speta, Rhodocodon Baker, Rhadamanthus Salisb, Sekanama Speta, Squilla Steinh, Strepsiphyla Raf, Sypharissa Salisb, Tenicroa Raf, Thuranthos CHWright, Urginavia Speta, Urginea Steinh, Urgineopsis Compton ): .. .. .. contains approximately 100 species. Some species are rare and endangered.
  • Schizobasis Baker ( syn.. Adenotheca Welw ex Baker ): The approximately four species occur in southern Africa.
  • Tribus Hyacintheae (including Tribus Pseudoprospereae Speta and Massonieae Baker):
  • Pseudoprospero Speta: it contains only one type: Pseudoprospero firmifolium ( Baker) Speta: It occurs in eastern South Africa.
  • Schizocarphus nervosus ( Burch. ) Van der Merwe: It is found in Botswana, Namibia, Swaziland and in the South African provinces: Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu -Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga and North-West before.
  • Spetaea Wetschnig & Pfosser: it contains only one type:
  • Spetaea lachenaliiflora Wetschnig & Pfosser: There are only two populations at the Du Toit 's Kloof and Bain 's Kloof in the Western Cape.
  • Kaplilien ( Veltheimia Gled. ): It contains only two species in the western and southern South Africa.
  • Alrawia ( Wendelbo ) K.M.Perss. & Wendelbo: The only two species occur in Iraq and Iran.
  • Barnardia Lindl. Comes from the only two species in a temperate East Asia and one in front of the Balearic Islands and in North Africa.
  • Bellevalia Lapeyr. Contains about 45 to 50 species.
  • Brimeura Salisb. Contains only three types, for example: Light Blue Wiesenhyazinthe ( Brimeura amethystina (L.) Chouard ): It occurs in the Pyrenees and in the former Yugoslavia.
  • Pale Hyazinthchen ( Hyacinthella pallens Schur )
  • Puschkinia peshmenii Rix & B.Mathew: This type described in 2009 is based in Turkey and Iran.
  • Puschkinie ( Puschkinia scilloides Adams): It is native to Southwest Asia.

Use, ingredients and history

The White Squill ( Drimia maritima ) has been used medicinally in ancient times already.

Some South African species such as Eliokarmos thyrsoides, Ledebouria cooperi, Ledebouria inguinata, Ledebouria ovatifolia, Ledebouria revoluta, Gaulteria saundersiae and some types of Urgineeae are toxic to grazing livestock. The toxic Scilliroside (also a Bufadienolid ) are used as rat poison.

Often with mucus and Oxalatraphiden filled idioblasts present.

Only a few species of Scilloideae serve as human food. In Greece, the bulbs of Muscari comosum be eaten inserted and in France the inflorescences of Loncomelos pyrenaicus 'll eaten as a vegetable. In Africa, the San bulbs of Ledebouria apertiflora and Ledebouria revoluta eat.

Many species and varieties are used as ornamental plants in parks, gardens, balconies, as house plants and cut flowers. Species and varieties of the genera Chouardia, Hyacinthoides, Hyacinthus, Muscari, Othocallis, Puschkinia and Scilla are spring-flowering plants in the northern hemisphere, they were planted in parks and gardens and tend to naturalizing. In South Africa and other arid areas types, for example, Eucomis, Galtonia, Veltheimia be planted in parks and gardens. For example Eliokarmos thyrsoides and related species are cut flowers.

Swell

  • The subfamily Scilloideae in APWebsite. (Section Description and systematics)
  • Description of the family of Hyacinthaceae at DELTA. ( Description section )
  • John C. Manning, 2004: Hyacinthaceae at PlantzAfrica. ( Description section )
  • Martin Pfosser, Franz Speta: Phylogenetics of Hyacinthaceae Based on plastid DNA sequences. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 86, No. 4, 1999, pp. 852-875, online.
  • Martin Pfosser, Franz Speta: Hyacinthaceae, Hyacinthus, Ornithogalum, Scilla & their relatives. 2001, ( The Hyacinthaceae in the Tree of Life project family). (English )
  • WS Judd, CS Campbell, EA Kellogg, PF Stevens, MJ Donoghue: Hyacinthaceae. In Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach. 3rd edition. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts, 2007, ISBN 978-0-87893-407-2, pp. 269-270.
  • Syed Ali Shujait, Yan Yu, Martin Pfosser, Wolfgang Wetschnig: Inferences of biogeographical histories within subfamily Hyacinthoideae using S- DIVA and Bayesian binary MCMC analysis Implemented in RASP ( Reconstruct Ancestral State in phylogenies ). In: Annals of Botany. Volume 109, No. 1, pp. 95-107, DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr274.
  • Walter Erhardt, Erich Götz, Nils Boedeker, Siegmund Seybold: The big walleye. Encyclopedia of plant names. Volume 2 species and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7.
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