Sea mark

(Also called navaids ) navigation signs are audible or visible marks that serve as aids to navigation in shipping. Along with the charts in the coastal area, as well as the electronic navigational charts for inland waterways ( IENC ) in the internal area they allow safe navigation. Typical navigational marks are buoys, beacons and lighthouses.

  • 4.1 Floating navaids
  • 4.2 Fixed navaids

History

The first navaids were natural navigation aids such as groups of trees or coastal formations. Later artificial characters were added, which in today's German-speaking first all beacons ( characters) were called: Cairn or wooden scaffolds, fixed or floating, with or without nocturnal nocturnal fire.

1310 already stood a tower on the island Neuwerk in the Elbe estuary, which not only served as a watchtower to protect the region, but on the day as a landmark. There are obtained documents that show that in the 14th century disbursements floating navaids. The so-called troop ton in the outer Elbe is mentioned in 1466. The Hamburg merchants brought them from a merchant ship.

As floating navaids tons like a barrel of oak were mostly made ​​with iron rings. Later, the various forms today developed. In 1900 there were about 134 tonnes in the Elbe.

First of all tons were black because they are conserved as all wooden beacon with tar and pitch. From 1575 they began to design and white tonnes. 1887 ordered the Chancellor ( Otto von Bismarck ) by the notice, concerning the uniform designation of the waters and shoals in the German coastal waters uniform buoyage on the German coasts to: Red Spier tons (slender, rod-shaped ) to the starboard side and black, lace tons the port side.

Since 1982, applies to the buoyage of the sea routes to international regulation of IALA. This includes a global system of five different types of tons: Lateral, cardinal, center- fairway, isolated danger points and other tons. Here, the Lateralsystem is defined depending on the region in two different forms. They arose because the chances of a global agreement on a form were low. Green is

  • In the region A ( Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Africa and some Asian countries ) for incoming vehicles to starboard,
  • In the B (America, Japan, Korea, Philippines ), however, on the port side region.

Function

Navaids are used for navigating by sight and are for the guidance of mariners often positioned at points, as well as in rivers and navigable lakes.

They are clearly distinguishable by shape, color, and partly by light signals ( lights ) and have internationally established meanings. Navaids with radar beacons ( Racon ) identify themselves on a radar screen with special characters (mostly Morse code ) that are shown on charts.

Floating navaids are lightships and tons. The term buoy often used in this context is unusual navigational aids.

In the general theory of signs ( semiotics ), a navigation mark is a signal.

Classification

One can at navaids according to the nature of their visibility, for example, day, different night, sound and radio call sign: daymarks There are no lights night signs have a lighting, sound or fog signals are perceiving acoustic, and radio signals can be located by radio direction finding. The last two groups are increasingly more rare.

After their positioning you can notice marks in solid (eg, beacons and lighthouses ) and subdivide floating. Besides lightships include tons to the floating sea marks. You are firmly anchored to the ground and now mostly made ​​of steel or plastic.

Audible warning

  • Nebelhorn - acoustic signal, either at a ton, on board a vessel or stationary ashore to highlight an obstacle
  • Fog ton - (with light signal lantern in fog ) is in convoy driving suspended from a ship, so that the subsequent non- ascends
  • Whistle buoy
  • Gong ton
  • Bell buoy - of which there are only six in Germany One of the last ( Kiel Fjord 6) warns in the Kiel Fjord in front of the shoal at Laboe (54 ° 24 '48 " N, 10 ° 12' 55" O54.41333333333310.215277777778 ): When waves propose four bobbins irregularly for a small bell.

Types

A distinction is made between floating, connected by anchor chain to the base and solid, rigidly connected to the ground navaids. In particular, one can distinguish all navaids according to their shape and color, often also on the shape and color of the top marks.

Floating navaids

  • Lightships
  • Lateralzeichen to denote the fairway boundaries. Heard in the region A of the IALA Lateralsystems to the Europe, one uses (as seen from the lake coming, buoyed to mountain ): portside: red, with dull top marks Spier tons
  • Beacon tons
  • Stump tons
  • Pointed barrel
  • Beacon tons
  • Lateralzeichen to denote the fairway boundaries. In the region B of the IALA Lateralsystems used (as seen from the lake coming, buoyed to valley ): portside: green, with dull top marks Spier tons
  • Beacon
  • Stump tons
  • Pointed barrel
  • Beacon tons
  • Mid - fairway signs for the control of driveways or for marking safe channel: Beacon, ball tonnes
  • Tonne mark - yellow with cross as top marks - referred to particular areas or sites
  • For mooring Mooring tons

The imaginary line along rows of similar tons, for example, to the fairway edges is called tons of grain.

Fixed navaids

  • Lighthouses
  • Identification of the fairway port Bake, red (if Lateralsystem A) or blunt Top marks, usually a cylinder
  • Lamprey, and inserted into the tidal flats birch tree, looks like a broom with scrub ( up broad, possibly tied together below the branches )
  • Rod cylinder with top marks
  • Bake, green ( at Lateralsystem A) or pointed top marks, usually a cone
  • Lamprey called ( down wide, top bound together scrub ), partly fir
  • Bar with black triangle facing upwards as top marks
  • Navaids to designate a shallow area ( Cardinal System)

Many aids to navigation, both floating as well as fixed, also can with a periodic or permanent light -protection ( cf. Nachtseezeichen ). The color of the light is red or green in lateral mark, otherwise mostly white.

Interpret tons

Tons with specialized ships, so-called buoy layers, designed:

In designing

One ton

In calm seas

Maintenance of navaids in Germany

For the maintenance of navaids is responsible, with currently 39 Waterways and Shipping Offices (WSA ) in German territorial waters, the Water and Shipping Administration of the Federation. Central technical tasks of the Centre of the WSV for transport techniques (formerly Seezeichenversuchsfeld ) perceived by sea and inland waterways for. The navaids be serviced in tons of yards of the ESC. The barrel shall be collected by buoy layers regularly for overhaul and re- designed. So a special Winter buoyage, for example, in eisgefährdeten waters in winter designed. In Germany meanwhile all tons were replaced with gas operation against solar tons. The tons on gas must be periodically replenished or replaced.

Navigation buoys for inland navigation

On rivers and canals have their own signage, depending on the needs. To find signs on the sides of waterways with information with kilometer markers to anchorage or other regulations.

On bridges, there are signs that regulate the passage, for example, a one-way street operation to separate the directions.

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