Sergei Nilus
Sergei Alexandrovich Nilus (Russian: Сергей Александрович Нилус, scientific transliteration Sergei Aleksandrovich Nilus, also Nilius; * 25 Augustjul / 6 September 1862greg in Moscow, .. † probably on 14 January 1929) was a Russian writer of religious and anti-Semite.
Of particular importance was his work " The Great in the Small " ( Welikoje malom w ), in the second edition of 1905, the first published in book form version was enclosed "Protocols of the Elders of Zion " as an attachment. These "Protocols of the Elders of Zion " were and are one of the most influential anti-Semitic writings. They were starting translated by this publication in about 60 languages (including English, German, Arabic, Japanese). They also inspired Adolf Hitler and had a considerable influence on Nazism. However, they also influenced anti-Semites and extremists in other countries, such as Henry Ford or the Japanese Aum sect, in recent times, organizations like Hamas.
The "Protocols of the Elders of Zion " is a forgery that purports to the minutes of a meeting of twelve unnamed leader of the Jewish people to be who developed a conspiracy to rule the world. The conspiracy theory is that that emerged in the late 19th century in the Russian extreme right-wing circles, liberal ideas and many modern social and political developments are invariably the work of a great Jewish plan.
- 3.1 Dissemination of the "Protocols"
Biography of Nilus
Nilus, born in 1862, was the son of noble, wealthy area of Oryol parents, the family home was more liberal and less religious. Nilus studied at Moscow University law and took up a position as a magistrate or judge in Transcaucasia for a short time. He soon resigned his position and lived on the income from his estate. He was considered to have formed and well spoken French, English and German. He is here after 1900, the Russian mystic, miracle worker and preacher John of Kronstadt ( Ivan Ilyich Sergiev; 1829-1908 ) have come to know and have been converted by him to mysticism. He turned to the publication of mystical- religious writings. He is under a larger stack of papers talks of " Seraphim of Sarov " with the justice of the peace Nikolai Motovilov - have discovered and translated these - including the famous conversation " about the goal of the Christian life." This translation he worked in his work " The Great in the Small " one that in 1903 for the first time - even without the file with the "Protocols of the Elders of Zion " - appeared. In 1905 published second edition he then took the first time the "Protocols of the Elders of Zion " on.
In the period from 1907 to 1912 he lived near the monastery of Optina Pustyn, where he worked in the archives of the monastery and had contact with local Elders. In this time he wrote most of his work, including a chronicle of the monastery of Optina Pustyn life in diary form ( under the title " On the banks of the river of God "). Other works dealt with the Egyptian desert fathers, Russian hermits, signposted encounters with Elders, miracle workers and holy fools or reported by True dreams, prophecies and the activities of demonic powers. Between 1912 and 1917 Nilus lived in Valdai, then, until 1923, on the estate of Prince Vladimir Sewatschow, later bishop of Mogilev Ioasaf. After the October Revolution Nilius is said to have distinguished himself as an opponent of the Church's renewal movement and in 1927 the declaration of loyalty of the metropolitans and Patriarchatsverwesers. He joined the catacombs and was arrested several times. From 1923 onwards he always lived then only for a short time in different places, especially on the territory of Ukraine. He died on 14 January 1929 at the house of a priest in the village Krutez, about 120 km northeast of Moscow of heart failure.
Different representations of Biography
There are a variety of sometimes in detail, partly basically different representations of the life of Nilus. Since Nilus is at the starting point of the great conspiracy, he was mentioned especially in literary works that deal with such theories, often with very different views about his person.
Versions due to a process in Bern and the Count you Chaya
Regarding the CV based many authors, eg Hadassa Ben- Itto, on the statements of Russian witnesses before a court in a Bernese process in 1934, and in particular details of Count Alexandre du Chayla. There is now some evidence that these statements were previously agreed among the witnesses. However, these statements concerning the Count du Chaya were essentially and this also repeatedly published material inconsistencies have and the count represents a rather dubious figure
According to this version, to Nilus, after he resigned his judgeship, have gone to France and lived there with his beloved Natalia Komarowskaja. There he is said to have fathered a child with her. About 1894 he is said to have suffered a severe mental breakdown and have turned to in the episode a fanatical religious mysticism of Russian Orthodox embossing. As part of this mysticism, he developed the idea of a close end of the world to the end of religion and the monarchy in Russia, but this would be brought about by the Freemasons and the Jews. In 1900 he is said to have learned that his estate would face bankruptcy, whereupon he shall be returned to Russia. But he shall have seen in the financial policy of the then Finance Minister Sergei Witte more liberal, which he believed he was a part of him suspected of conspiracy The blame for this bankruptcy. Through the publication of his mystical writings, especially the " Protocols of the Elders of Zion", it should then be noticed in extreme right-wing court circles. The Grand Duchess Elizaveta Feodorovna, sister of the Empress is said to have 1902 then developed a plan to make Nilus the confessor and adviser to the Tsar, to minimize the influence of the French hypnotist Nizier Anthelme Philippe on the Tsar. For this purpose Nilus the maid of honor Yelena Alexandrovna Oserowa (* 1855, † 1938) was presented. This he married in 1906. The plan will be failed due to his previous way of life, as the Russian clergy did not want to consecrate a priest him for his mistress and illegitimate son, even if he were married. Nilus is said to have subsequently withdrawn to the monastery Optina Pustyn, where he is said to have shared with his wife and his lover a small apartment. Was published in 1905, the second edition of the book, this time with the "Protocols of the Elders of Zion." 1910 is a bishop have been sent out to check the state of mind Nilius, he had to leave the monastery and then was staying with friends or in other monasteries. He had then written mystical writings. Only hearsay witnesses reported the Bernese process, he had gone after the October Revolution, first in 1918 or 1919 to Germany, but then returned to Russia. He had lived in southern Russia, had been detained twice and died on New Year's Day 1930.
This version was also in the fiction literature, eg Will Eisner's comic gladly received.
Chance is claimed that it was a pseudonym of an unknown author in Nilus.
Nilus as a literary figure
In Umberto Eco's novel " Foucault's Pendulum " Nilus describes wiefolgt: A "wandering monk who roamed the forests in valley- like robes, fitted with a long prophet's beard, two women, a young daughter and an assistant or lover or whatever, all hung on his lips. Half Guru, one of those who then run off with the cash, semi- hermit, one of those who cry constantly, the end is near. And indeed was his fixed idea of Antichrist. "
Publication and Constitution of the "Protocols"
1905 and is backed up, published the second edition of " The Great in the Small ", this time with the "Protocols of the Elders of Zion " in the appendix. What is certain is that these " protocols " previously circulated in various forms in Russian extreme right circles. 1903 they had been printed already in the extremist newspaper " Znamya " in continuation. As Nilus has come to the "Protocols", however is unclear.
His own opinions on this are already deeply contradictory.
- He claimed in the preface to the second edition of his book at first that he had received from a prominent Russian conservatives, whose name he did not name. This they got from an unknown woman who is said to have a high-ranking Freemason stolen at a meeting in France.
- In a later edition Nilus claimed that a friend of his had even stolen the logs, this time in Switzerland.
- 1917 Nilus claimed in the preface to the fourth edition that the logs on the Zionist Congress in Basel in 1897 were read. Overall, the comments Nilus about the origin of the protocols can not be believed.
- The most widespread is the assumption that the "Protocols" originally a forgery of the Okhrana, the Tsarist secret service were. They were posted by Pyotr Rachkovsky, the chief agent of the Okhrana in Europe, commissioned and written by his assistant Matvei Golovinsky in Paris in French. Purpose of this was to discredit the policy of the Finance Minister Sergei Witte Yulievich the Tsar. The "Protocols" were then foisted Nilus or indirectly come to him. This they did then readily integrated into his work. This assumption was confirmed by the witness of the process in the thirties before the Bernese court.
- Cesare G. de Michelis said in his book " The Non - Existent Manuscript. A Study of the Protocols of Sages of Zion " to be able to prove by textual analysis, that the original text have been no French, but Russian needs and have developed gradually in Russian extremist circles. Presumably, the original and later modified text was erected in the late 19th century right-wing extremist circles.
- It is further represented that Nilus had come during his stay at the court of the Tsar to one of there circulating copies. This theory could be both with the former, as the latter considers agree.
About 40 % of the " Protocols of the Elders of Zion" are a satire by Maurice Joly, against Napoléon III. was addressed, removed. The satire is a dialogue between Machiavelli and Montesquieu about politics in 25 dialogues represents the cynical statements Machiavelli - and some of Montesquieu - were attributed to unnamed participants in the meeting. Another source was the book published in 1896 " Biarritz " by Hermann Goedsche, which he had published under the pseudonym John Retcliffe. This was used in extremist circles in Russia in different copies and translations since the 1870s. From here comes the background story on the Prague's Jewish cemetery and the assertion that these meetings take place every hundred years. This was demonstrated in 1921 in Articles Philip Graves ' in the Times, which had previously appeared in the 1920 English translation of "Protocols of the Elders of Zion " discussed yet benevolent.
Dissemination of the "Protocols"
After the October Revolution and during the Russian Civil War counter-revolutionary forces were the "Protocols" printed in large numbers and distributed as propaganda material to the troops on the side of the "White ". Here, this scripture also came in on the side of the White armies fighting Allied troops ( Japanese, French, English ), but also to standing on Russian territory German associations. Furthermore, the Russian emigrants took the script with her in exile.
In the Soviet Union the "Protocols of the Elders of Zion " were forbidden. Meanwhile, the writings of Nilus enjoy an overall growing popularity in religious and nationalist Russian circles.
Sergei Nilus - price
Since 2002, "Sergei Nilus - Prize" is awarded annually for literary contributions to the spiritual life in Russia in Russia. This is widely criticized internationally because of the anti-Semitic work.