Shugo

Shugo (Japanese守护, literally " protector" ) referred to during the Japanese Kamakura and Muromachi period ( 12th to 16th century ) a public official, first one with police functions, later a military governor.

As deputy to them stood a shugodai (守护 代) aside.

Kamakura period

After Minamoto no Yoritomo founded the Kamakura shogunate, he appointed for the provinces own Gokenin ( home people ) to Shugo. Their three main tasks were to manage the local Gokenin, especially the reminder to guard duty in Kyoto (大 番役, ōban'yaku ), as well as the capture of rebels (谋反 人, muhonnin ) and murderers (杀害 人, satsugajin ). 1231 were these tasks as the " Three Chapters of felony " (大 犯 三 箇 条, sankajō Taibon ) codified in the " Criminal Code" (御 成败 式 目, Goseibai Shikimoku ).

After the traditional traditional view according to the 1266 finished chronicle Azuma Kagami, the Office simultaneously with the Jitō ( bailiff ) was introduced in the eleventh month of the year 1185. However, this is a later rationalization, because the office was not until the early 1190ern and had its origins in the post of Sōtsuibushi (惣 追捕 使). This was also a police station, with the difference that, but these were not associated with province fixed but were sent by case basis.

After the first Mongol invasion and their repulse at the Battle of Bun'ei 1274 the shogunate feared a second and dismissed the Shugo in western Japan to organize the mobilization of Gokenin and even non- Gokenin. Through these military skills of the items received a strong increase in power, and influential families, especially the reigning Hōjō clan, have worked to respective items. With the elimination of rival Adachi clan during the Shimotsuki incident, in 1285, the Hōjō then stopped 29 of 68 Shugo post and the end of the Kamakura period finally 36

Muromachi period

After the Hōjō and the Kamakura Shogunate fell in 1333, it came briefly to the restoration of imperial rule ( Kemmu restoration ), which was, however, already again eliminated in 1336 by Ashikaga Takauji, who founded the Muromachi shogunate and its own emperor began, leaving Japan with was also split into two imperial courts.

This led to a weakening of the Provincial Administration appointed by the imperial house ( Kokuga ) and their ( civilian) provincial government ( Kokushi ), then gradually went their tasks to the Shugo and thus access to the province register (大田 文, ōtabumi ) received. They were given the administration of the Empire lands of the respective province over which they as their Allodialland (守护 领, shugoryō ) could dispose freely, but also jurisdiktive expertise in soil issues and the right to collect land of criminals and may disclose such to its own successor. In addition, the Shugo got to collect the right taxes, such as " half- control " (半 済, Hanzei ), that is, half of the tax year (年 贡, nengu ) a domain goes to the authority of the Shugo. This system of rule over the domains of a province will shugo - ryōkoku -sei (守护 领 国 制) called. Those who could unite through these means large estates to themselves, were called shugo - daimyō.

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