Sinapis

White mustard (Sinapis alba)

Mustards (Sinapis ) are a small genus of flowering plants in the family of cruciferous plants ( Brassicaceae). The White mustard (Sinapis alba L.) is an important crop.

  • 6.1 Notes and references

Description

Vegetative characteristics

Sinapis species are usually annual, rarely perennial, herbaceous plants that reach heights of growth from 30 to 80 cm. The aboveground plant parts can be hairy or bald with simple trichomes. The erect stems may be branched at the top.

The alternate and spirally on the stem arranged leaves are petiolate or sessile and simple or compound. The lower leaves are usually stalked and the leaf blade is rarely easy but usually strongly sinuate, pinnatifid, lyre-shaped pinnate to one or two times. The upper leaves have short to hardly recognizable stems, where they do not include the stems at the base and the leaf blade is more or less simple, most slightly lobed. The leaf margin is equal to more or less serrated coarse.

Inflorescence and flowers

The flowers are borne in a terminal, initially schirmtraubigen, by up to fruit ripening considerably elongating inflorescence axis, later racemose inflorescence.

The hermaphrodite, fourfold flowers of Sinapis species have the typical cross-shaped structure with fourfold cruciferous, double perianth. The four green sepals oblong to linear leaves are narrow and mostly spread, rarely bent back. The four yellow petals are nailed free, obovate and spread. There are six free, fertile stamens with oblong anthers available. Two carpels are fused into a superior ovaries containing four to twenty ovules. The style ends in a capitate or bilobed scar. There are four non- intergrown with each other nectar glands present, the lateral pair of prismatic and flat, but the middle pair is ovoid.

Fruit stand, fruit and seeds

The fruit stand is greatly loosened. The slim up often thickened fruit stems are erect, ascending, sparrig to bent back. There are protruding, rulers, lanceolate, oblong, round stalk to about flattened and thus somewhat four-sided pods formed from stems that burst zweiklappig at maturity. A characteristic feature of the genus is the extension of the pods by a seedless fruit beak. The flaps have three to seven raised or thin to thick and indistinct nerves. The membranous septum is fully formed. The Replum is rounded. A segmented pod contains two to five, twenty seeds often in a series, with the last segment contains no or at most two seeds.

The most clumsy and spherical, rarely slightly flattened seeds have usually finely reticulate surface. In the seeds of the two seed leaves ( cotyledons ) are folded longitudinally. The seeds of the mustard species are characterized by a very long germination of (40 years).

Chromosome numbers and ingredients

The basic chromosome number is x = 7 rare, usually 9 or 12

The glucosinolates contained in many cruciferous plants are present in the mustard species in high concentration, especially at the White mustard.

Dissemination

The Mustards are from the Mediterranean area, especially from northern Africa. Two of them radiate far from the Near East. They tend to naturalizing.

In culture taken species are now often naturalized in many parts of the world. Wild grow most types of open, disturbed habitats such as fallow land, roadsides and field margins.

System

The first publication of the genus Sinapis was in 1753 by Linnaeus in Species Plantarum, Volume 2, page 668 The genus belongs to the tribe Brassicaceae Sinapis in the family Brassicaceae.

The genus Sinapis today include four types:

  • Field mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.)
  • White mustard (Sinapis alba L.): With some subspecies.
  • Sinapis flexuosa Poir.
  • Sinapis pubescens L.

Mustard species, not the genus mustard (Sinapis ) are

Botanically not to the genus mustard (Sinapis ) are calculated:

  • Black mustard (Brassica nigra (L.) W.D.J.Koch )
  • Brown mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. )
  • Ethiopian or Abyssinian mustard (Brassica carinata A.Braun. )

"Black", "brown" and "white" in the German trivial name refers to the color of the seeds, which are used for the manufacture of mustard.

Swell

  • Suzanne I. Warwick: Sinapis in the Flora of North America, Volume 7, 2010, p 441: Sinapis - Online. ( Section systematics and description)
  • Tai - Yien Cheo, Lianli Lu, Guang Yang, Ihsan Al- Shehbaz & Vladimir Dorofeev: Brassicaceae in the Flora of China, Volume 8, 2001, p 24: Sinapis - Online. ( Section systematics and description)
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