Smock mill

The Dutch windmill, also regional cap windmill ( in the Netherlands generally bovenkruier, top slewing, ie with rotating hood or cap ) called, is the latest evolution of the classic windmill. This windmill type supplanted in the 16th century, especially in the Netherlands and northern Germany, the previously built windmills. While Dutch windmills in the rest of Europe were mainly used as flour mills, they served in the Netherlands, especially as wind pumps for drainage of polders.

Description

Your German name it owes the Dutch millwrights, the Dutch engineer and mill designer Jan Adriaanszoon Leeghwater is named as the inventor of the rotary cap. The lower part of these mills is usually brick or beams constructed ( mill in Alt Schwerin ), making it extremely stable and exerts less ground pressure, because it has no footings. The on the made ​​of wood or masonry "tower" resting movable head ( cap or hood ) of the mill with the amount carried on the wing shaft wings is over rollers (formerly of wood, later steel ) and Krühring ( niederdt. Kroyring ) rotatably mounted on the stored upper tower statements. A grinding cap does not require roles and sits on grinding planks smeared with soft soap. So just had the upper part - the cap ( boots, onion, conical ) - are turned into the wind. Originally with Innenkrühwerk, a built- in hood twist mechanism (15th century), what some of these mills (depending on Innenkrühwerk, which is also operated on from the cap end outstanding gear with endless chain from the gallery ) can appear more compact because of the larger hood. Since the late 16th century, they were increasingly equipped with Außenkrühwerk consisting of five control bar ( four V- shaped " swords " or " Shor " medium, eigentlichem codend ( mush ) ), which over the laterally projecting from the cap " Spreetbalken " ( transom ) the cap is operated by recognized to the codend Krühhaspel, or with the end cap grown on solid frame Windrose (automatic yaw control ), patented in 1745 by the Englishman Edmund Lee from Brockmill Forge in Wigan. By contrast, the lower stationary part was as real work platform ( grinding, sawing, pumping station, etc.) for the storage and loading of goods to be used further as an apartment and retail space. High Dutch mills thus have multiple floors or floors ( upper room, Low German Soller, ndl. Zolder ), here for a nine-story mill, starting with the

  • Cap base ( Radstube, nld kapzolder, Eng dust floor / cap floor. . ) - Protects from the weather by the cap, including the
  • Lifting soil or bulk soil (. Nld. luizolder, Eng hoist floor / bin floor) - here the grain is poured in some mills,
  • Stone floor or grinding base ( nld. steenzolder, Eng. Stone floor ),
  • Meal floor ( nld. maalzolder / meelzolder, Eng. Meal floor),
  • Gallery floor ( with Apt / (Ab) sack floor ) ( nld. baliezolder & woonhuis / zakzolder, Eng. Gallery (stage ) floor & living floor / sack floor),
  • Camp ground ( nld. opslagzolder, Eng. Woodgrain floor),
  • Grain warehouse ( nld. graan opslagzolder, Engl. Grain store )
  • Residential floor ( nld. woonhuis, Eng. Bedroom / living floor),
  • Entrance hall / basement / apartment ( nld. invaart / woonhuis, Eng. Living room / cellar floor).

The soils under the gallery often differ, depending on the design of the mill and plate number, and form the foundation. In Galerieholländer mills with stone foundation often only the number of floors is counted under the gallery, which is not the actual plate number.

This meant in addition to static Plus points over the architecturally older windmills more space in the building to accommodate Flour Mill, the mill tower could be built higher into the wind, so that the efficiency of the machine " windmill " increased accordingly. The force was transmitted in this type by using a transmission of cog wheel on the wing shaft on the Obenbunkler or bunkel on the vertical rotating shaft, the so-called vertical shaft. This drive train can not be separated in normal operation, so it can be with rotating wings, the energy in the building of the rotating vertical shaft removed and connected to all kinds of machines. Polder mills have the lower end of the vertical shaft Untenbunkel which transmits the force to the Archimedean screw. Sawmills drive depending on the type of the vertical shaft two laterally placed crankshafts, which transmit the rotational movement to vertical movement of the blades or the cog wheel directly a large crankshaft without vertical shaft.

The Dutch windmill spread very strong in northern Europe. Only the high construction costs affect their distribution.

Types of Dutch windmills

Erdholländer

Single storey tower mill built, the wingtips close to the ground. Even ground-sailer ( Ndl backgrond zeiler ) called.

Wall Dutch ( Dutch Mountain )

Instead of a gallery (see below Galerieholländer ) the mill was built on an artificial mound. That brought the impeller higher in the wind, the wings were accessible from the artificial mound, eg in the mill in Straupitz. In the Netherlands bergmolen or also called backgrond zeiler.

Transit Dutch ( Dutch cellar )

Variety of Wall Dutchman. You can go out with wagon or tractor into it on one side in the mill base and on the other side. In the middle of the passage, almost in the mill basement, then the flour or grain sacks to the mill 's own hoist and unloaded.

Galerieholländer

With the significantly greater heights of some Dutch windmills it was no longer possible to achieve the wings or the codend. Both had to be possible for the proper operation of the windmill. Therefore, they invented a kind of wrap around balcony or gallery, could be operated from the wings as the cod-end and brakes. These types are called " Galerieholländer ( mills )" ( hook size Stellingmolen ) refers.

Tower Dutchman

Conical built of brick and / or stone- both round and polygonal ( Cyclops ); called in the Netherlands never torenmolen ( tower mill ) that there are squat windmills with cylindrical or up slightly conical mill tower only four receive (: three as an internal rotator in Lienden ( De Zwaan, 1644), Zeddam ( De Grafelijke Korenmolen, 1441 ) and Zevenaar ( De Buitenmolen, 1450 ) and one in Eijsden - Gronsveld (van Gronsveld, 1623) as an external rotator ( Ndl buitenkruier ) ), but eg as stenen backgrond zeiler (stone ground-sailer ), stenen bergmolen ( stone mountain grinder ) or stenen Stellingmolen ( stone gallery mill ) referred.

Mixed forms

A tower can be seen as Dutch cellar Holländer ( crossing Dutch ), Galerieholländer or be designed as a Wall Dutchman. Similarly, there are Galerieholländer a drive-through. A unique typing is therefore sometimes quite difficult and depends strongly on the preferred aspect of the observer. A special form is often referred to as " Dutch roof " type of mill mounted on an existing building tower mill. Is the building a water mill, there is a " wind water mill " ( hook size watervluchtmolen ).

Examples

  • Caroline Sieler mill Gallery Dutchman ( 1742), 5 -story, 8- edged, on June 23, 1993 new wings were mounted.
  • Gallery mill " Hager Mill" (1888 ), 5 -story, 8- edged ( 30.2 m Height of cap ) on 6- storey, octagonal brick base, Hage, highest windmill in Germany.
  • Stone Mill Gallery " Amanda " (1888 ), 5 -story, 8- edged as a grain and sawmill (30 m Height of cap ) on a 4- storey, square brick substructure, Kappeln
  • Stone Mill Gallery " Kalkarer Mill" (1772 ), eight floors, masonry brick around 1770 as Lohmühle ( 27.6 m cap height), Kalkar, highest windmill on the Lower Rhine, since 1999 grindable after renovation grain mill.
  • Stone Gallery mill " De Nolet " (2006 ), 10 -story, round brick as power generator ( 43 m cap height ) brick, Schiedam, The Netherlands; highest windmill in the world.
  • Stonewall Dutch " Straupitz " (1850 ), 5 -story, round as a triple windmill (grain, oil and sawmill ), Straupitz; only one in Europe.
  • Stone tower windmill "Step Rather Mill" ( 1470 ) as a grain mill, Walbeck ( funds ); Germany's oldest functioning windmill (15th century).
  • Galerieholländer " Witt mouth " (1741 ), 4 -story, 8- edged wooden / one-story stone base as grain and Peldemühle, Witt mouth; oldest gallery Holländermühle Germany, now home to the Museum " Peldemühle Witt mouth ".
  • Siuts mill in Witt mouth. Two-storey gallery Dutchman from the year 1884.
  • Galerieholländer " Vareler Windmill " (1848 ), 4 -story, 8- edged wooden ( 28.8 m Height of cap ), Varel, 5 -story octagonal brick base; second largest windmill in Germany, with nine floors and the largest surviving millstone Germany. Now used as a " Vareler Heritage Museum ".
  • Stone Gallery Dutch mill " Heckington " ( Heckington tower mill, 1830/1892 ), 6 -story, built around a brick (23 m cap height, bitumeniert ), Heckington, Lincolnshire, England, with eight (!) 10.7 m long blinds wings.
  • Stone tower mill ( tower windmill ) " Holgate " ( Holgate Windmill, 1770), 5 -story, built around a brick and bitumeniert, " Fitted " by increase in 1859, Holgate, York, North Yorkshire, England, with five double patent blinds wings, 2003-2012 scratch windmahlfähig restored.
  • Wall Dutch windmill in Edewecht - Westerscheps, built in 1888 located on a mound, renovated in 1998 and still fully functional. On the ground floor photographic documentation of the mill customer / history and renovation of the mill. Visits and tours by telephone arrangement
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