Soccer-specific stadium
As a football stadium a stadium is colloquially referred to, which is used for ball sports like football.
- 3.1 origins
- 3.2 Pure -seater stadiums
- 3.3 multi-purpose athletic stadiums or
- 3.4 Modern arenas
- 4.1 Germany
- 5.1 Germany
- 5.2 Europe
- 5.3 Worldwide
- 6.1 interior
- 6.2 spectator areas
Stadium types
" Classic " football stadium
A football stadium is a stadium in the traditional sense, which was built, among other things, to be held in football games can. This stadium can also be used because of its career for track and field competitions. Therefore, in this context, not false names such as athletics stadium or athletics arena.
" Pure " Football Stadium ( football stadium )
With a " pure" football stadium a stadium is colloquially referred to, which is specially designed for the implementation of ball sports such as football. More recently, it is also increasingly the term " football arena " use. Compared to a conventional football stadium, the football arena differs primarily by the absence of a career. As the playing field dimensions are similar in many team sports, there are purely external, no significant differences between a "real" football stadium and stadiums where only rugby or American football is played. An example of this is the World Cup 1994 in the USA, where many of the encounters in typical " football arenas " took place. Another example is the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, Wales, which is the home of the Wales national rugby team and for years served as the venue for the English football cup final during the construction of the new Wembley stadium.
Ground plan
In the middle of the stadium is the playing field with an adjacent raceway or free zone. This area, which is 6-10 feet wide generally, including houses the dugout and photographers. Immediately adjacent to rise to the grandstands. In a classic stadium usually fits at the grandstand during the career and therefore results in the typical classic football stadiums oval shape ( the Olympic Stadium in Munich). In a football stadium, the stands are usually completely or approximately arranged in a rectangular shape around the place (eg Estadio Santiago Bernabeu ). In South America, however, many football stadiums have a circular plan (eg Maracanã stadium).
Development
Origins
The first football stadiums were built in the late 19th century in Great Britain. As the oldest football stadium is considered the Hampden Park in Glasgow, which was inaugurated on July 9, 1867. At that time were usually the grandstands pure general admission bleachers and consisted primarily of wood. Since due to insufficient or lack of safety measures often reached more than the allowable number of spectators in the stadium interior, there have been repeated to serious accidents, which are caused by the crowded grandstands (eg the Hillsborough disaster in 1989 ).
Pure seater stadiums
As a consequence of spectators disaster in Sheffield, England, which called for 96 people dead and over 700 injured on April 15, 1989, the decision was made in the UK that all football matches in the professional leagues must henceforth take place only in pure seat arenas. Other countries of Europe followed suit and also managed the general admission bleachers in the football stadiums from or reduced this significantly. Last but not least is because both the FIFA and UEFA adopted this rule for all international matches.
Multi-purpose athletic stadiums or
Since many "classic" football stadiums are primarily used for football matches and can thereby achieve long-term higher gate receipts than in other sporting events, in Europe development nowadays, you can watch away from the " athletic stadiums " to " football stadium ". By taking place in the recent past World Cups and European Championships, this trend has been reinforced again.
Modern arenas
Mid-1990s, was introduced in Amsterdam with the opening of the Amsterdam Arena a new era of football stadiums in Europe. This type of stadium embodied the new spirit in football, in which is reflected the continued commercialization of the sport. To attract especially the more affluent audience, separate lodges are available to increase comfort, which can be hired for a specified period. Although for box seats ultimately a greater number lost to ordinary spectators, can thus increase the financial revenue. As a further measure to increase the attractiveness of a restaurant is built into a grandstand. In addition, the stadium has a retractable roof design, with which, if necessary, both the spectator areas and the field can be shielded. To use the arena also sports free days, was this designed so that within a short time the football stadium can be converted into a concert arena. Due to the versatility of the design ensures that this building has a constantly high level of utilization and thus high efficiency.
In subsequent years, emerged in Europe further stages of this comfort class. As the first German soccer stadiums, the Imtech Arena in Hamburg, the BayArena in Leverkusen and the Veltins- Arena in Gelsenkirchen apply. The latter has not only like the Amsterdam Arena on a closable roof, but also owns a mobile game. This can be run in the off-season from the building, whereby not only the interior for other uses is free, but the grass is somehow " recreation in the fresh air," short regeneration granted.
Renaming of the stadium name
The new or renovation of a stadium is usually associated with high economic costs. Therefore, many operators use the stadium for several years, a lucrative source of income by the stadium naming rights sold to financially strong companies. Although in many cases makes an economical maintenance of the stadium by the club or community only possible to use this measure comes sometimes with reservations or rejection of the fans.
Germany
Biggest football stadiums
Germany
To obtain a meaningful statement concerning the size of a football stadium, the number of seats serves as a benchmark. Accordingly, with the Berlin Olympic Stadium ( 74,649 seats) is a stadium conventional design Germany's largest football stadium. The Allianz Arena in Munich, ranked as the largest German " football stadium " in second place ( 67 812 seats), followed by the Signal Iduna Park in Dortmund ( 65 829 seats).
The Central Stadium in Leipzig from 1956 until his conversion in 2000 with a capacity of 100,000 seats, the largest stadium in Europe, even before the Camp Nou in Barcelona. Since its reopening in 2004, the stadium has 44,345 seats.
Unlike some other countries, in Germany - at least in football matches at the national level - standing room allowed, resulting in an increase in spectator capacity result. The Signal Iduna Park, which has Europe has the largest standing area, can thus accommodate a total of 80,720 places of all German stadiums the highest number of viewers.
Europe
The largest football stadiums in Europe are the Camp Nou in Barcelona ( 98,000 seats), Wembley Stadium in London ( 90,000 seats), as well as the Luzhniki in Moscow ( 84 864 seats). While the first two stages can be used as football stadiums exclusively for ball games, has the Moscow stadium due to its history as a former Olympic Stadium with an additional track and field facility.
Worldwide
With the May Day Stadium in Pyongyang (150,000 seats) and the Salt Lake Stadium in Kolkata ( 120,000 seats) are two stages in the "classic style " as the largest stadiums in the world where football matches are played. Under the "pure" football stadiums, the Azteca Stadium in Mexico City with 105 064 seats is the world's largest arena.
The two Brazilian states of Maracanã and Morumbi which formerly were generally the largest football stadiums in the world, owes its reputation mainly to the fact that at that time there were most of the bleachers as General Admission areas and beyond hardly prevailed access restrictions. This could follow the games reportedly up to 200,000 spectators. Ever fell at that time the world's attendance at important meetings significantly higher. In several European countries it happened sometimes that more than 100,000 spectators attended a game. Was started due to stricter safety regulations so since the late 1980s, increasingly to build pure seater stadiums or retool and to increase the access restrictions, the seating capacity of the stadium reduced significantly.
Safety standards
Football stadiums must meet stringent requirements today. On the one hand the safety of the players, the spectators and the staff and on the other hand, an ordered and safe flow of each event to be guaranteed. The provisions will apply primarily to the construction of the stadium interior, the size and distribution of the spectator areas, as well as the control of technical installations.
Interior
At the stadium interior safety features are taken into consideration to protect the players and referees priority. This includes, among other things, setting camber ditches or fences between boundaries of the field and perimeter boards and the establishment of access roads to the playing field for rescue personnel.
Spectator areas
The safety standards of spectator areas relate primarily to their quick and easy evacuation. In this regard, for example, falls to the interpretation of the individual staircases, which delimit the audience blocks from each other, and their outputs.
Equipment
The various technical systems ( wide-screen technology in the stadium, public viewing in high resolution, worldwide TV broadcasting, wireless communication between the referees, lighting, surveillance, public, ...) must meet prescribed guidelines in terms of type, number and functionality. Approximately requires the FIFA availability of the data networks of 99.999 percent - equivalent to the criteria for high -performance computing centers, finally, any interruption lead to a loss of license and advertising revenue. Alone for the image transfer estimates the Telekom Austria that during the EURO 2008 on a data set of two petabytes has been conveyed.
A major role of the video surveillance. It helps to recognize dangers and unrest quickly flows of spectators and traffic flow can be directed from a control station. Structured cabling makes it possible to integrate cameras into the data network of a stadium, so they can be linked, for example, with alarm and signaling systems, remote control, servers, and backup, or to the information system of the security forces.
Trivia
The tallest football stadium in Europe is located in the Swiss mountain village of Gspon at 2008 meters altitude. There the mountain village - Championship was held in 2008.