Soviet Nonconformist Art

As Russian nonconformist artists are called who worked from 1953 to 1986 ( from the death of Stalin until the start of perestroika and glasnost ) as a counter-movement to socialist realism in literature, visual arts and music in the Soviet Union.

In the Russian language whose works are referred to as unofficial art, avant-garde Second, Other art, Alternative art or underground art. The underground artists of the Soviet Union were often closely associated with also illegal movements such as the Moscow conceptual, the Leningrad Association for Experimental Art and Mitki group in Leningrad and the " hippies " and " rockers ".

  • 4.1 painter of the Russian Nonconformist
  • 4.2 literature, music and film

History

As a non-conformism, the mismatch of the individual attitude is indicated with the generally accepted views in general, in the specific case, the Russian non-conformists objected to Socialist Realism, the 1934, the Central Committee of the CPSU under Stalin as a guideline for the production of literature, visual arts and music certain in the Soviet Union. After Stalin's will, the artist should be the hero of the structure of Soviet society and their technical pioneers in the best light.

As an antidote to this state compliant Soviet art was created in 1954 the Russian nonconformism. After Stalin's death paved the way for a tentative, temporary liberalization of Soviet society. in the short thaw period. However, this was short-lived and the artists were up to perestroika and glasnost in 1986 again censored ideologically and politically persecuted. The Russian nonconformist renounced social recognition and instead took many hardships in purchasing. They were excluded from the official art associations and thereby lost any opportunity for legitimate livelihood. Often they lived for decades in the underground or confined in prisons, labor camps and in psychiatry.

Only in the 1990s discovered state houses such as the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow, the Russian Museum in St. Petersburg, the Moscow Museum of Modern Art or the National Center for Contemporary Art ( NCCA ), the Russian nonconformist.

Developments and reception

The unofficial Soviet art is inherently difficult to grasp. The Russian nonconformists did not form solid structures, decentralized and acted for a numerically very small, like-minded audience. What the protagonists had in common was their non-conformist attitude towards the Soviet system and its artistic preferences, Socialist Realism.

Was virtually isolated without Western influences, and often within the Soviet Union, according to Dmitri Krasnopewzew every nonconformist " an island, an independent country that lives by its own laws, under his own flag ."

While Anatoly Zverev cultivated a calligraphic decorative style reminiscent of Picasso, Oskar Rabin practiced is oriented to the nature painting expressionist elements. Mikhail Schwarzman painted between abstraction and figuration, Dmitri Krasnopewzsew sat in his monumental still life on asceticism, concentration and strict forms of Pittura metafisica.

An important influence on the Russian nonconformists had the " first avant-garde" between 1910 and the seizure of power by Stalin, which is why the non-conformists are also referred to as second avant-garde.

Groups and initiatives

1957: Lianosowo Group

In 1957 was formed in Lianosowo district on the northeastern outskirts of Moscow the same Lianosowo group. In this Datschenvorort be non-conformist artists, poets and scholars gathered around the family Kropiwnitski for joint work and discussions. They pursued no binding ideological or artistic program, it was all about them, the realization of individual artistic expression.

1962-1976: Dwischenije Group

One of the few groups with reference to Western art was in the years 1962 to 1976, the group Dwischenije in Moscow, whose name Dwischenije (Russian for movement ) was also program simultaneously. The group led by Lew Nussberg and Francisco Infante explored the kinetic art, in which the mechanical movement is an integral part of the aesthetic art object. Your Russian models they found in the early Soviet Constructivism by Vladimir Tatlin, Naum Gabo and Alexander Rodchenko.

Although the sequence of this kinetic installation was not completely controllable, the group Dwischenije also received public contracts. You created kinetic installations for the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution in Leningrad and for the exhibitions electronics electronics 70 and 72 in Moscow.

1974: Bulldozer Exhibition

Legendary is the "Bulldozer Exhibition" on September 15, 1974 in Moscow, where the Russian nonconformist presented in the middle of 2200 acres Bitzewski Park at the Moscow suburbs their pictures outdoors. Was organized the one-day exhibition by Alexander Gleser collector and the painter Oskar Rabin with two dozen artists ( among them Valentin Vorobyov, Yuri Scharkich, Vitaly Komar, Alexander Melamid, Lidija Masterkowa, Vladimir Nemuchin Yevgeny Ruchin, Alexander Rabin, Vasily Sitnikov, Igor choline, Boris Steinberg and Nadezhda Elskaja ). The exhibition takes its name from the brutal police action, in which the security forces literally rolled down before the cameras of international journalists nonconformist exhibition with bulldozers.

1974: Izmailovo Park

After the scandal, which the Bulldozer Exhibition caused in the foreign press, the Soviet authorities were forced to approve an additional one-day open-air exhibition two weeks later in Izmailovo Park. On September 29, 1974 already showed more than 40 artists exhibit their works in front of more than 1500 visitors. This exhibition Izmailovo Park in turn paved the way for further one-day open-air exhibitions of the Russian nonconformist.

1980s: Studio 50 A

The Studio 50 A was founded by Sergei Borisov at the Frunze Street 13 in Moscow, today Snamenkastraße. For the Russian non-conformists of the 1980s it was at the same meeting, workshop and a place to sleep.

Genres

Painter of the Russian Nonconformist

  • Alexander Melamid ( born 1945 )
  • Alexander Rabin (1951-1994)
  • Alexei Ivanovich Novikov (* 1931)
  • Anatoly Zverev (1931-1986)
  • Dmitry Krasnopewzsew (1925-1995)
  • Dmitri Plawinski (1937-2012)
  • Igor Alexeyevich Novikov ( b. 1961 )
  • Eduard Steinberg (1937-2012)
  • Igor choline (1920-1999)
  • Yevgeny Ruchin (1943-1976)
  • Yuri Scharkich ( b. 1938 )
  • Lidija Masterkowa (1915-1963)
  • Marlen Spindler (1931-2003)
  • Mikhail Schwarzmann (1926-1997)
  • Nadjeschda Elskaja
  • Oskar Rabin
  • Vitaly Komar ( born 1943 )
  • Vladimir Nemuchin (* 1925)
  • Valentin Vorobyov
  • Vasily Sitnikov (1915-1987)

Literature, music and film

Parallel to the development of the Russian non-conformists in the visual arts, there was a similar phenomenon in Soviet literature and music, theater and film.

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