Spinning wheel

The spinning wheel is a technical tool for spinning fibers for subsequent further processing ( eg, weaving, knitting).

When spinning loose fibers are processed by simultaneous twisting and pulling on a thread.

As both the spinning wheel Flügelspinnrad, which is usually provided with a foot drive, as well as the hand-powered Spindelspinnrad is called. The Spindelspinnrad a very similar Spulräder however, are not spinning, but used in hand weaving.

• 3.1 Functional principle of two-ply ( doppelfädige ) wing spinning wheels
• 3.2 Functional principle monofilament blades spinning wheels with wing drive (coil braked)
• 3.3 Functional principle monofilament blades spinning wheels with coil drive ( wing braked)

History

The Spindelspinnrad came towards the end of the 12th century from the Oriental region to Europe. It began in the 13th century in Central Europe to spread, as the source location based on Forbidden to use the Spindelspinnrad, showing for the guilds of cloth making.

The following prohibitions are, for example, is: 1224 Venice, Bologna 1256, 1268 Paris, 1280 Speyer, 1288 Abbeville, 1292 Siena, 1305 Douai. In the Crafts Code of weavers of Speyer it is expressly permitted for the production of weft yarn.

The reason for the restriction to weft yarn is controversial in research. The bans could have been enacted to protect the high quality of the wool yarn produced with hand spindle. Example is the so-called Livre des metiers from Bruges (about 1349 ) that the Spindelspinnrad spun wool generally too weak, uneven, insufficiently twisted and too knotty. The Spindelspinnrad remained in some regions until the 15-16. Century banned for the guilds.

The first pictorial evidence of a ( still hand -driven ) Flügelspinnrads dates only from the year 1480th The inventor of this completely new functionality, the flyer is unknown. Leonardo da Vinci designed a little later a spin mechanism with längsbeweglichem flyer, but probably did not come to spread. A kick is known from the mid-17th century.

As templates for the first mechanical spinning machine of the 18th century both served above Spinnradsysteme. The slightly older Spinning Jenny is based on the two-stage settling technique of simple spindle, however, the water frame, almost simultaneously developed using spin wings.

Even with the introduction of the spinning machines Flügelspinnrad was used more in the home and belonged to the 19th century is generally designed as a particularly decorative Wedding spinning wheel to the bride's trousseau.

Even today, numerous European and non-European craft modern wing spinning wheels built and technically developed, mostly for the needs of leisure spinners and spinners. There are even electric powered spin " wheels ", in which the extraction of the thread, however, still takes place by hand, while the flywheel is replaced by the electric drive. This spinning devices are mainly used in small businesses.

Structure of Flügelspinnrads

Mechanical Parts

A Flügelspinnrad is composed (the letters in brackets refer to the adjacent diagram ) of the following mechanically active parts:

• If / footboard (f). Traditionally, running boards were made only for a foot (usually the right ), modern spinning wheels are built with double step, ie the spinning person can alternately cut like a bicycle with both feet.
• Drive shaft (s), often also called servant
• Crank ( d)
• Flywheel ( c)
• Driving cord or belt ( S and T), it can, for example, made of cotton, linen, wool or leather.
• Flyer. The flyer in turn consists of: the actual U-shaped wing with a feed opening (y ) of metal or wood and two wing arms ( a). On both arms guiding devices for the resulting yarn (i ) are provided, which can be series of fixedly attached hooks, or holes for a single, umsteckbares tick or movable eyelet.
• The spindle ( x); usually this is fixedly connected to the wing and forms the extension of the feed opening (Y).
• Freely movable on the spindle of the bobbin ( b) with a Spulenwirtel (u). In a whorl is a disk having the groove, which is used for power transmission. Traditionally has a coil only on one end, a whorl in modern spinning-wheels at both ends.
• At doppelfädigen and wing -driven building types an additional Flügelwirtel (r ), which is fixed to the spindle, usually by a thread.

Structural parts

The construction can be very diverse. There are types with a bench and three or four legs and a building located on it before, but also types whose base stands directly on the floor. The flyer can be positioned laterally from the flywheel or above the flywheel. All types can be equipped with two spinning wings. With these so-called double spinning wheels, the spinning person can make two threads simultaneously.

Operating principle Flügelspinnrad generally

The spinning person puts the flywheel on the foot drive in motion. The rotation of the wheel is transmitted to the flyer. The difference in the inner circumference of the flywheel and the whorl caused the so-called translation. A translation example of 1:5 means that a passage causing a complete revolution of the flywheel, and at the same time turns the flyer 5. The object of the spin vane is to twist the fibers to each other and simultaneously wound onto the coil. The skill of weaving person consists in

• Release as much fiber from the fiber supply, as is required for the desired thickness of the thread and
• Directing much twist in the yarn, and for the desired degree of rotation (strength) is required.

For the same three speeds must be matched, namely how fast you walk, undresses and lets run into the spinning blades.

Operating principle two-ply ( doppelfädige ) wing spinning wheels

In so-called two-folded spinning wheels both Flügelwirtel and the Spulenwirtel be driven by a single, but in the form of a drive belt 8 crossed. Usually the Spulenwirtel - - ​​One of the two whorls must have a smaller diameter, so that the coil rotates faster than the wings, and the thread can be wound onto the spool.

Operating principle monofilament spinning wheels with wing door operator (coil braked)

Only the flyer is driven directly by the Flügelwirtel. The coil is dragged by friction. Your running speed (also called Scottish brake) by a cord braked via the Spulenwirtel.

Operating principle monofilament wing spinning wheels with coil drive ( wing braked)

The coil is driven directly by the drive belt, an additional Flügelwirtel there is not. To reduce the speed of the spin vane mitgeschleiften contrast, is mounted over the front end of the spindle ( feed opening ), a strap or the like. The pressure on these so-called leaf brake can be regulated.

Structure and operating principle of the Spindelspinnrads

The older and, unlike the Flügelspinnrad always driven by hand Spindelspinnrad is also called Big Wheel, Wanderrad, Handspinnrad or (tree ) Wollrad. A board on the flywheel and the spindle are arranged and connected by a drive belt. Are of this type, for example, the employed in India Charkas for the spinning of cotton and in Lower Saxony Wendland -based, so-called Peterrad for the spinning of coarse flax tow.

The flywheel is rotated with the right hand. The left hand simultaneously pulls the fiber stock at an angle of 45 ° back to spindle orientation. The spinning person can spin a thread so long as her arm reaches backward. It has to the speed at which enters the swirl in the fibers, to be coordinated with the speed at which the hand is retracted. The resulting thread must then be manually wound onto the spindle.

Further reproduction and Accessories

Spun yarns are usually still twisted on the spinning wheel for further use, ie there are two or more single yarns twisted together to form a far more durable yarn. For this purpose, a so-called coil bracket is used, which supports the Spinnradspulen, of which the individual threads can run free. For this purpose belong to any spinning wheel usually at least two spare spools. To finally withdrawing the yarn from the Spinnradspulen, a rotary or reel needed cross with which one produces strands which are then washed, if necessary, can be dyed and traded.