Staatsexamen

A state examination (plural state exams, from Latin exam, interrogation 'or' investigation '; short Stex or StEx ) is one of a government agency ( Examinations Office ) organized testing; usually this is the case for programs taught at a university.

  • 2.3.1 First State Exam
  • 2.3.2 Second State Exam

Term

The state exam provides access to certain state-regulated professions ( Bw in Germany: doctors, pharmacists, lawyers) or in the civil service itself (eg: teachers, judges, prosecutors). Usually the term in Germany is used for a corresponding degree examination at a university for a degree, but it is also in other places use, for example in the health sector with the financial statements examinierter health and nursing and geriatric nurses in the art with the financial statements for the certified technician or even in the economy with the final audited the state in business administration or audited the state in the design designers.

The reason for the special state control is the public interest in ensuring compliance with quality standards for the relevant training courses. Expressed shortened, could the state exam as a quality control of the customer call state that does not even occur directly as a training institution in general.

Germany

In Germany the state exam concludes the teaching degree, medical school, studying dentistry, veterinary medicine, law, food chemistry and pharmacy. As a rule, a practical training or preparatory service concludes at, at the end another state exam is. Some universities provide their graduates with the State examination, upon request, an academic degree. In some cases additional performance evidence or additional assessment elements are required for this. A state examination entitles the graduates usually in the same way as an academic degree to a doctorate.

The state examination is the successful graduates usually not the right how to run a legally protected professional designation in the teaching professions. Likewise, he does not receive any feasible level of qualification on the type of academic degrees.

The theological examination at the end of the evangelical theological study follows the model of the state exam (first theological examination at the end of the study, second theological examination at the end of the Vicariate ). However, it is not a state exam, because not the state, but the respective local church decreases the exam.

Law

Two exams provided, of which since 2005 but only the second is a pure " state exam " - are in legal education - apart from the temporarily imported in the 1970s and 1980s -step training.

First State Exam

The academic study of law is now completed with a " First State Examination ". However, the first test contains since the mid- 2000s, next to a public part (compulsory examination, 70 % of the final grade ) a university part ( focus area test, 30 % of the final grade ) and is therefore rightly not a pure " state exam " longer represent

Strictly speaking, only the compulsory examination are referred to as state exam, because this scan is provided and evaluated by the judicial examination offices of the Länder. The focus range check is completed at the respective universities. The design is up to the states, which have created each legal training and testing laws and related regulations.

The compulsory examination consists, depending on the state of five to seven supervisory work in all three areas of law, civil law, public law and criminal law of the German law which are always written contiguously within two weeks immediately after the other. The issues include under the first state examination in particular to problems of substantive law; procedural questions of civil procedure, criminal procedure, administrative procedure law and constitutional litigation but already queried at a glance.

For the compulsory examination there are in all the provinces two regular tests. An exception is the free trial that those candidates who directly after completion of the standard period of study (currently regularly still 8 semesters, with tendencies to 9 semesters ) go into the exam, granted in the case of non-existence of an additional trial and if there may be the possibility of grade improvement granted by re passing the compulsory exam. In some federal countries ( for example Bavaria and Baden- Württemberg) the examinees but also after the first regular attempt a grade improvement by re-take the compulsory examination granted (→ Details repeatability).

In North Rhine -Westphalia is in addition to the free trial and the grade improvement possibility also as the only State in accordance with § 12 JAG NRW the possibility during the preliminary attempt the exam exams of the three areas of law over three semesters ( from 6th to 8th semester) splitting ( delamination ), where here rather of several small as to be spoken of a compulsory examination. In Lower Saxony, the exam exams of the three areas of law, according to § 4, paragraph 2, sentence 2 of the Lower Saxony law for the training of lawyers ( NJAG ) are divided into two examination dates, which can be written between the 6th to the 8th semester. The exams are written together with the regular exam passages and corrected.

Most of the faculties, after the first legal exam (mostly on own request ) awarded in addition to the academic degree of "Diplom - Jurist" ( Dipl. -Jur. ) As well as by some of the degree of " Magister Juris " ( Mag iur.).

Mannheim Model

The University of Mannheim offers for students, the Bachelor study program " corporate lawyer / f " LL.B. ( Bachelor of Laws ) have successfully completed at this university, optional on to acquire also the first state examination. Here, the civil part of the state exam is written in the Bachelor. After additional studies in public law and criminal law only take place. The state exam is divided. This favoring of Mannheim students is rooted in the additional business management effort within the Bachelors.

Second State Exam

After passing the first legal test followed by a two years' practical training ( internship ), which concludes with the second state exam, the state exam so-called.

In contrast to the First State Exam is the second state exam is a pure state examination. The cascade is provided and evaluated exclusively by the state judicial examination offices of the Länder.

The assessor will check nationwide - but the responsibility of the individual federal states - conducted. The trainees have to write at the end of their training between seven (Saarland) and eleven ( Bavaria ) exams. About four months after the exam period includes legal training with an oral examination. In addition to the physical fabric of the first exam, second exam also includes litigation, where academic dispute stalls compared to the first exam lose value and the current case law more into the foreground.

State Examination Offices

The Examination Office (Justice audit offices) for the First State Exam be in the individual provinces within the Courts of Appeal (about North Rhine -Westphalia), or as a state judicial examination office (eg Bavaria, Lower Saxony ) was established. Some countries have established by appropriate State contracts, joint examination offices (Bremen, Hamburg and Schleswig -Holstein on the one hand as well as Berlin and Brandenburg on the other). (Judges, prosecutors, government lawyers ), lawyers and professors are on the tests as an examiner lawyers involved in public service. In the first state examination regularly work with professors as an examiner. The second state exam is conducted by the state judicial examination boards, which are formed in the respective Ministries of Justice. In the tests in the second state examination, the examiner judges, prosecutors, public officials, notaries and lawyers.

Grading system

The grade levels at the individual rating with breakdown into a points system and associated definition are as in § 1 of the Regulation on a note and scale of points for the first and second legal test ( JurPrNotSkV ):

  • Poor ( 0 points) ( a totally unacceptable performance ),
  • Deficient (1-3 ) (one suffering from substantial defects, no longer useful in the whole performance )
  • Sufficient ( 4-6) ( a performance which, despite its shortcomings average requirements will still satisfy )
  • Satisfying ( 7-9) ( a power which corresponds to average requirements in every respect ),
  • Fully satisfactory (10-12 ) ( a performance above average requirements),
  • Good ( 13-15) ( a significantly higher than average requirements ) and
  • Very good ( 16-18) ( a particularly excellent performance).

In the overall average is used, the assignment of the score achieved in accordance with § 2 JurPrNotSkV differs to the grade scales: Up to an average of 3.99 points, the test is not passed, then follow:

  • Sufficient ( 4 to 6.49 ),
  • Satisfying ( 6.5 to 8.99 ),
  • Fully satisfactory ( 9 to 11.49 ),
  • Good ( 11.5 to 13.99 ) and
  • Very good ( 14-18).

In the German legal education a state exam a rating of " fully satisfactory" applies, in Bavaria, Baden -Württemberg and Saxony have "satisfactory ", as honors. An honors degree with at least "fully satisfactory " is often required by the public service as a condition of employment. In addition, the grading scale is "fully satisfactory " required by many schools as a prerequisite for a PhD thesis.

Both the GPAs and the failure rate falls in the Law significantly worse than in other courses. Are mainly for passing the examinations, the marks " satisfactory" or "satisfactory" award. Only about 12 % of graduates achieve a rating of "fully satisfactory ", about 2.5 % a "good" and about 0.1% a "very good". The number of failed exams was the national average in 2007 even in almost one third ( 31.4 %). The GPAs, there is some significant differences between the various provinces. An example are the states of Saxony and Hamburg: So, for example, reached in the first examination in 2008 only about 9 % of the participants in the Saxons, but 22 % of the participants in Hamburg honors. In the second exam of the same year, a similar picture emerged: Only 10% of participants in the Saxons, but 36 % of the participants in Hamburg achieved a predicate.

Food Chemistry

The examination regulations differ somewhat from state to state, as the right of the food chemist is state law. However, the responsible State Ministers in 1994 agreed on a common framework.

Subsequently, the situation in Baden -Württemberg is shown. However, the deviations from other states are only slightly:

The state examination ( in some states referred to as State Examination ) consists of three parts:

  • First test section after four semesters (basic course )
  • Second test section after another four semesters ( graduate level)
  • Third test section for a practical training at a grocery Investigation Office of one year duration

Also needs a scientific thesis, which must be made ​​within a period of six months, to be submitted.

There are the following subjects tested:

  • Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
  • Organic chemistry
  • Physical chemistry
  • Physics
  • Biology

The examination is conducted by university teachers.

The audit shall be treated as a bachelor's degree in the diploma in chemistry with complementary biology exam or a certificate of Second test section in the degree program pharmacy.

There are the following subjects tested:

  • Chemical Analysis of Food, tobacco products, the cosmetic products, other consumer products and water
  • Technology of Food, tobacco products, the cosmetic products, other consumer products and water
  • Applied Biochemistry and Nutrition
  • Microbiology and food hygiene
  • Toxicology and Environmental Analysis

The test is also taken from high school teachers.

The examination consists of three parts:

  • A practical test ( experimental study and evaluation )
  • ( to create expert reports based on predefined data analysis ) three supervisory work
  • Oral examination ( food and commodities law, organization and function of the food and consumer goods monitoring, quality assurance in laboratories and factories )

The examination is conducted by an audit committee to the State food inspection offices.

After the second or third test section is within a period of six months to submit a final paper. The work can be created at a university or at any other suitable means. The work will be assessed by two examiners, one of whom must be at least one professor.

Teaching

The training as a teacher includes two phases: the teacher training program as the first phase with two school subjects and an educational science component, including with pedagogy and educational psychology. The degree is the first state examination ( increasingly possible replacement by the Master of Education ). A third subject (extension specialist, see supplementary subject ), which is tested on the exam, in addition, may be permitted as part of a supplementary examination. The two-year clerkship ( in higher service ), or preparatory service ( in upscale service) is the second phase, completed with the Second State Examination. Both are made up exclusively of the information obtained in the phase of the examination marks, in particular the two subject grades and educational science notes, also at the Second exam at least a general assessment of the trainee by the trainer.

In many states, the abolition of the First State Examination for Teachers (not least for cost reasons) planned in favor of the so-called " stepped teacher education " (Bachelor and Master) with accompanying examinations. Currently (2010 ) there is the training in a transitional phase, but at the end of the development is to the port on a Bachelor's / Master's Degree, a 12 - to 18 -month stand clerkship. Essentially, it boils down to the fact that the final exams of the university (eg master) for specific state regulations carried out by her and then recognized by a formal inspection by a State examination office.

First State Exam

This completes the university. Depending on the examination regulations in the individual countries are study-related tests or final examinations; they usually consist of " working under supervision" ( exams ) and oral examinations, both in the subjects as well as in educational sciences, as well as a state exam housework, which is configured in some examination regulations as " admission work," in other than thesis. This homework corresponds to the requirements as a thesis.

As far as it concerns the completion of studies for a course lasting four studies, this examination may be entirely or partially on request, as examination for a master's degree or master's degree.

A special role is played by the degree program in Business Education. The obtained there diploma of teacher trade is equated with the First State Exam, is also recognized as this and thus entitled to pursue a career in higher teaching ministry.

Second State Exam

For all teaching positions of all school types exist, depending on the state of a 12 to 24 - month preparatory service. The trainee / candidate in a permanent appointment occurs on a revocation or terminated as an employee with an employment contract.

The Second State Examination intended to refer to, acquired in preparation service teaching, education, counseling and reflection skills and therefore includes enhanced practical elements. Details are ( called partial " OVP ", "order of the preparatory service and the audit ', also LAVO " Teacher Training Regulation " ), the respective legal regulations of the countries refer to.

Medicine

In medical school, there was after the previous law three state exams and a so-called preliminary or Medical Physikum.

Under the new licensing regulations of 27 June 2002, there are only two state examinations (first or second part of the medical examination called ). The Physikum is the colloquial name for the first part of the medical examination and represents the first comprehensive examination in the context of medical studies The audit of finds, after four semesters of study time instead, and includes a written and an oral part. In the second state examination in all clinical disciplines of medicine are examined in writing and partly oral. The written tests are spread over three days. Five hours of time available to answer the 320 questions. Spoken is tested on two consecutive days. In groups of four students will be tested for a minimum period of four hours in surgery, internal medicine, a chosen elective and another first drawing subject. After passing the second state exam, candidates receive at the request of the license to practice medicine (authorization to practice the profession and the professional title ). The new second state exam contains an innovation to the previous tests, so-called case studies, in which several questions ( 10-17 pieces) relating to the medical history of a patient.

Pharmacy

The state examination in Pharmacy consists of three test sections. The first section of the Pharmaceutical Examination is written in accordance with the licensing regulations for pharmacists, the other two parts are orally.

In each case examined several subjects in a test:

  • General, inorganic and organic chemistry
  • Basics of pharmaceutical biology and human biology
  • Fundamentals of physics, physical chemistry and Arzneiformenlehre
  • Basics of pharmaceutical analysis
  • Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry
  • Pharmaceutical Biology
  • Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics
  • Pharmacology and Toxicology
  • Clinical Pharmacy
  • Pharmacy Practice
  • Special Areas of Law for Pharmacists

By passing the Pharmaceutical Examination (1st, 2nd and 3rd section in the ratio 2:3:2 ), the academic requirement to obtain the approval is met as a pharmacist ( execution of the profession and supporting the Occupation ). The existence of the second state exam, completed university education and entitled to some universities for making a thesis in Pharmacy. With existence of the academic degree of Diplom- pharmacist may be performed. Furthermore, entitled the passed 2nd state to complete a dissertation leading to a doctoral degree in Natural Sciences ( Dr. rer. Nat. ).

Higher Forest Service

Those interested in higher positions within the forest management of state and federal - about as head of a Forestry Department - will qualify must also have a state exam, which successfully put "Big Forest State Examination ". But there is no underwriting is connected to the Forestry Commission.

Prerequisite to apply for an internship, the successful completion of a degree in Forestry with the acquisition of the academic degree "Diplom- forestry " or " Master". These financial statements are legally equivalent to the first state exam other disciplines.

Great Forest State Examination

This test - it corresponds to the second state exam other disciplines - is at the end of the mandatory 24 - month preparatory service which is divided into different stations at the end of each grading is a. The forest clerk shall enter the period of training in a service subject to revocation. In the State examination, the trainee should not only show that they possess technical knowledge to solve problems of practical administrative work, the forestry operational and economic planning and management and to justify proposals assets, but also prove the judgment and decision-making ability. The test therefore includes strong practical elements.

The Great Forest State Examination is divided into three parts:

In all three test sections there are questions to work from, among others, the following subjects:

  • Silviculture and Forest Botany
  • Forest Management
  • Forest exploitation
  • Forestry Business Administration
  • Forest appreciation
  • Forest protection
  • Forest policy
  • Forestry Public Relations and forest education
  • Forestry Ecological basis
  • Nature conservation, landscape management and spatial planning
  • Forest work science and process engineering
  • Forest Service
  • Hunting and Fishing customer
  • Civil Law, Criminal Law, Constitutional Law, Administrative Law, labor law, social law, labor law and civil service law
  • Personnel management

In particular, the Wald test and the oral examination are known as " stress tests " applied, since in this case in an unknown environment rapid assessments and decisions are expected to complex situations from the DUT.

Who has passed the Great Forest State Examination, permission to use the professional title " Assessor of the Forest Service " (or "Forest Assessor " ) and " assessor of the Forest Service " shall be (or "Forest Assessor " ) to lead.

Details are given in the relevant legal regulations of the countries ( training and examination regulations ).

Changes introduced by the Bologna Process

In the course of the Bologna process, the standardization of qualifications in Europe, has been discussed to abolish the state exams as completion of university studies by 2010 and switch to the consecutive Bachelor's Master's degrees. Specifically worked out implementation plans, however, never existed for it.

The Bologna process was in some courses controversial (such as medicine and law ), for the teaching degree, he is considered by many experts as inappropriate. For example, the grand coalition (consisting of the CDU, CSU and SPD) rejected in 2005 the need for new degrees in the medical and legal education for the transmission of the Bologna process.

Physician Landeskirche Law of Germany Oberlandesgericht German Rectors' Conference
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