Stucco

As stucco ( stucco from Italian ) is the plastic molding of mortars of all kinds, generally referred to plastered walls, vaults and ceilings. Since ancient times until today stucco is an important technique for the design of interiors and facades. A special stucco technique is the sgraffito.

The term " stucco " includes all work with mortars, from a simple facade design with cornices to large -scale, plastic wall and ceiling designs with opulent sculptural forms of the Baroque and Rococo. Since the turn of the 20th century stucco -finished parts are sold in catalogs, which are produced in molds in series. Plaster is made ​​by the plasterer.

Stucco mortar

Stucco mortar is obtained by the blending of aggregates (mainly sand with a grain size of 0-1 mm, 0-2 mm and finer grading curves ), water and one or two binders such as lime putty, white lime, gypsum, more recently Hydraulkalke and various lime cement Mischunge. Most plasterers have their own special blends, especially for stucco application, which usually contain other additives to affect the viscosity of the mortar or the setting behavior.

Groups of stucco

History

In the Neolithic plaster was already known, and thus dictated the use of recovered material to plastic applications as " stucco ". Already 7000 BC plaster was used for interior design in the Asia Minor city of Çatalhöyük. The Sumerians and Babylonians we find evidence for the use of gypsum. To work on the Sphinx limestone gypsum mortar was used.

Antiquity: The Minoan culture knew plaster and alabaster instead of marble as floor or wall covering and as a building block, such as the Palace of Knossos and Palace of Phaistos. The Greek historian Herodotus reported that the Ethiopians their dead pour in plaster, Theophrastus described in a paper the production of gypsum. Around 300 BC Lysistratos has already taken off face masks. In Greece plaster for ornamentation was used at homes.

The Romans used to plaster decoration of the interior. Also, for the storage of fruits a thin layer of plaster was used plaster served (now bentonite) time already to make the wine. Juvenal tells of a plaster bust, Vitruvius in his " work on the architecture ," and Pliny in his " Historia Naturalis " of stucco ceilings. They differ already the Kalkstuck of the stucco. Excavations, particularly in Pompeii confirmed this. In imitation of more expensive types of marble, the walls were covered with colored glossy stucco stucco lustro. Elaborate cornices stressed vertical layout. Stucco ceilings were common in public buildings and noble houses. Stucco decorations are preserved in the grave of the Valerii, on the Via Latina, near Rome, 2nd century Chr.an the vaulted ceiling in the temple of the Valerii, the tomb of the Valerii, they were extensively restored. Magnificent stucco work in Pompeii, preserved today Pompei. The Villa Adriana contains original stucco work of the Romans.

Middle Ages: the acquisition and exploration of stucco sculpture and stucco decorations in the Middle Ages is still a relatively new topic in art history. Since the 1990s, are insights about the production techniques and the polychrome stucco in medieval religious buildings of the Harz mountains. Thus, a number of highly significant medieval works of art made ​​of stucco have here, in today's Federal States of Lower Saxony and Saxony- Anhalt, get, especially from the 12th and 13th centuries. Foremost among these are the holy grave in Gernrode collegiate church, the choir screen in St. Michael in Hildesheim, the Church of Our Lady in Halberstadt and the Collegiate Church in Hamer life, the west gallery in the monastery church at Groningen ( today Berlin, Staatliche Museen, Bode Museum ), the tympanum of Hildesheim Godehardikirche, the pediment of Domvorhalle in Goslar or the apostles cycle in the Gandersheimer collegiate. Of great importance are the large stucco floors with very individual designs, such as in the Hildesheim Cathedral and the St. Helmstedter are Ludgerikirche.

Renaissance: In Germany, the " plaster casting " is known at least since 1690, a tutorial for it was printed in Nuremberg in 1696. Scamozzi reported in 1615 in his work " Architettura " ( Ten Books on Architecture ) about creating a stucco ground. In the Italian Renaissance, there was a revival. Walls and ceilings of churches and palaces were now covered with large stucco systems, often. Closely associated with wall and ceiling paintings Famous plasterers of the Renaissance were Perino del Vaga, Fedele Casella Casella and Scipione.

Baroque: A special flower learned the craft of Stuckierens in the Baroque and the Rococo, for their spirited and playful decorative elements, the technique of Stuckierens was well suited. While at this time first Italian plasterers created artistic quality stucco work throughout Europe, developed soon - especially in southern Germany - regionally, sometimes nationally employed plasterer Master. Their works can be found on the Upper Swabian Baroque Road; they count with the Wessobrunner school to major representatives of this art. The most famous object of this era should the honey Schlecker in the Sanctuary Birnau be created by the plasterer and sculptor Joseph Anton Feuchtmayer.

In the Baroque period also often stucco marble ( scagliola ) was used for the design - an elaborate method for imitation of marble, which was more expensive than marble itself, but allowed both greater uniformly colored workpieces and particularly dramatic artistic effects of staining.

19th century: During the early days and in the era of historicism stucco was a cheap design element of architecture. Also in the Art Nouveau, he was widespread.

Modern: With the beginning of the modern age after World War II stucco was virtually banished from the architecture. In Germany in the 1950s and 1960s decorative stucco continued to lose importance and has been widely perceived as disturbing because it did not comply with modern architecture concepts. For this reason, the stucco was removed from many buildings, what was referred to as " facade desolation " style uniform cleanup or as Entstuckung. Rich stucco ceilings were suspended, that is a flat ceiling construction was drafted under the stucco ceiling, while often severely damaged the stucco. On the other hand, remained by the " hide" will surely get some treasure, which was otherwise endangered by frequent sweep (or remove).

The 70s

As part of the renovation of older buildings were sometimes not saved indoors with " artificial stucco ." The use should suggest a historical significance of the most simple rooms. Adhesives and paintable stucco imitation items made ​​of plastic, usually made ​​of polystyrene, were used. This was popular in the 1970s, today prefabricated stucco elements in a stable and safe design are offered. Standards for plaster and stucco crafts are in the Construction Contract procedures for building works, Part C: General technical specifications in construction contracts (VOB / C, ATV ), DIN 18350 regulated ( plaster and stucco ).

Mayan art

In the Mayan art play - especially on the Yucatan Peninsula - both simple surface plaster from plaster and plastic figural stucco on exterior and interior walls a significant role (→ External links ). Both in the area of ​​applied and plastic stucco works ( reliefs and sculptures ) were generally painted in color, with paint residues have been preserved only in the rarest cases (eg housing estates ). Also kilometer long procession roads ( sacbes ) were covered with several centimeters thick gypsum layers. As for the production of gypsum had to be burned limestone, large areas of forest were cut down, which may - among other factors - had such a negative impact that the whole ecosystem and thus the high cultures of the Mayan civilization collapsed around 800 AD in time.

Kulissenbauten

For film sets, stage sets, ornaments in model or for decorations using gypsum in conjunction with burlap to create large areas quickly. The application of the "Staff " (from deck out ) said material goes back to Alexander Dessachy the patented it on December 2, 1861. The mixed with some cement, glycerin, dextrin and water mass can be poured into molds and is amplified as needed with burlap. In France, it developed into the profession of Ornametiste Staffeur. Supporting materials are used, however, earlier, about mats made ​​of reeds or wood strips. Later they used galvanized wire mesh or Rabitz, today also glass fiber fabric.

Museum

  • Currently, the only museum in Germany that deals exclusively with stucco, stucco is the little museum in Freiburg im Breisgau.
  • Mined gypsum degradation of 18-19. Century is shown in the gypsum Museum Schleitheim.
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