Synergist

Synergist (Greek συνεργεῖν synergeín, work together ') is used in medicine called a muscle that supports enhanced or made possible the movement of an agonist. This definition can not be applied generally to a muscle, but refers only exclusively to a particular movement. Thus, in various movements, however, affect the musculus pectoralis major, for example, times of the musculus triceps brachii (eg bench press or push ups ) synergistically with other of the biceps brachii (eg butterfly ).

We distinguish "direct" and " indirect" synergists.

Direct synergistic support the work of the agonist, by performing the same or a very similar movement. So three muscles are, for example, at the flexion of the elbow joint involved, the biceps brachii, musculus musculus brachialis and brachioradialis, which act to different degrees depending on the position of the joint, but almost always direct the other synergists are.

Indirect synergists facilitate the work of the agonist at all, by fixing bone points at which inserted the agonist. Thus, for example, would be the raising of the leg during walking impossible without indirectly synergistic effect of the abdominal muscles (especially musculus rectus abdominis ) which fix the pelvis. Without the fixation of the pelvis, a contraction of the leg lifter would a Vorkippen of the pool and not causing a lifting of the leg. These muscle reactions are controlled by postural reactions of the brain stem, which " static and dynamic, highly complex sensorimotor basic building blocks " together adds. The more precisely they work together postural synergies, the smoother, safer and anstrenungsloser affects the running motion. The interaction of synergists can be trained and refined by many repetitions.

Knowing muscular synergists (especially the indirect synergists ) is essential for all people who work with active or passive movement, such as athletes, physical therapists, trainers, sports doctors, etc., as the overlooking of a synergist when performing certain (often recurrent ) movements can often be the cause of the occurrence and maintaining of complaints.

For external eye muscles

To each eye of six external eye muscles, which are responsible for its coordinated movements exist. Two of them have a similar muscle level and turn the eye to an almost identical rotational axis, but this each in an opposite direction of rotation. These muscles are called antagonists. In contrast, refers to muscles that move the eye around a similar axis of rotation in the same direction as synergists. This terminology is also used when only match partial functions of the respective muscles or counteract each other. It is only for productions, ie movements of an eye, completely applicable. Extending the observation also on the opposite eye to the description of contralateral synergists and antagonists during the execution of binocular eye movements, so must this definition for vergences, reverse eye movements are restricted.

• Ipsilateral ( equilateral ) synergists and antagonists in relation to the respective muscle function

Superior rectus, inferior rectus

Rectus lateralis, M. obl superior, M. obl inferior

M. obl superior, M. obl inferior

Medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus

Innenrollung

Adduction

M. obl superior

Medial rectus, inferior rectus

Rectus inferior, M. obl inferior

Rectus lateralis, M. obl superior, M. obl inferior

Außenrollung

Adduction

M. obl inferior

Medial rectus, superior rectus

M. obl superior, superior rectus

Rectus lateralis, M. obl superior, M. obl inferior

Innenrollung

Abduction

Rectus superior

Rectus lateralis, M. obl inferior

Rectus inferior, M. obl inferior

Medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus

Außenrollung

Abduction

Rectus inferior

Rectus lateralis, M. obl superior

M. obl superior, superior rectus

Medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus

• Graphical representation of the involvement of individual muscles ( synergists ) at the respective rotational movements using the example of the right eye