Synoptic Gospels

The Synoptic Gospels and the Synoptic Gospels (from the Greek ( συνόψις syn - opsis ), together look / look together ) called the three evangelists Mark, Matthew and Luke and their gospels, the Gospel of Mark, the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke in the New Testament. They describe and interpret the life and teaching of Jesus from a comparable optics. Wherefore let the first time in 1776 Johann Jakob Griesbach for better comparison the texts reprinted in columns next to each other, called a synopsis ( synopsis ) produced. It therefore refers to the first three Gospels as synoptic.

Although the Gospel of John agrees in broad terms with the content and structure of the three Synoptics also consistent, however, the three synoptic Gospels have far more in common with respect to language and the common text material.

Models to explain the relationship of the Synoptics

A central theme in the bible scientific and exegetical study of the three Synoptic Gospels is the so-called Synoptic Problem. So the question is meant as the similarities and differences between the first three Gospels in wording, order, and material selection can be explained. For this there are since the end of the 18th century, various hypotheses:

The Urevangeliumshypothese assumes that all three Synoptics have used a now -lost Aramaic or Hebrew " Nazarenerevangelium ".

The fragments or Diegesenhypothese postulates a large number of independent individual records and collections of texts, some of which are each several, but some had only ever an evangelist for submission.

The tradition hypothesis says that there was a state of " evangelists ", who shared the gospel with its individual stories in a fixed, memorized cycle as an itinerant preacher. This predetermined substance -received the Synoptics each independently.

Today, various hypotheses are predominant use of which postulate a direct dependency between the Synoptics.

  • The Griesbach hypothesis can be based on patristic testimonies, and in particular Papias of Hierapolis. The most important representatives of this hypothesis are: Johann Jakob Griesbach, David Friedrich Strauss. As a "neo- Griesbach theory" it is mainly driven by William R. Farmer represented (1964). Today, it is common in Anglo-Saxon countries and is often called "Two- Gospel Hypothesis " means. She sees the Gospel of Matthew as the oldest gospel, which the author of Luke's Gospel 've used. The Gospel of Mark was then a summary of the other two.
  • The Farrerhypothese was developed by Austin Farrer. Important academic representatives are Michael Goulder and Mark Goodacre. It is nowadays V.A. represented in the United States. According to her Mark was written first and used by Matthew; Luke drew on both.
  • The most common hypothesis is that two source theory. Thus, the Gospel of Mark was written first. In addition, a second source had existed, which had mainly contain sayings of Jesus, and is therefore called the Sayings Source Q. Matthew and Luke would have, according to this hypothesis, Mark and Q ( as well as so-called special material ) used as sources. Both the Sayings Source Q and the sources of the Fund are good but purely hypothetical; they are not available as separate texts.
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