Tajik language

The Tajik language (Serbian Cyrillic: тоҷикӣ, perso - arabic: تاجیکی Tajik [ tɔ ː ː ki ː dʒɪ ] ) is a spoken in Central Asia, modern variety of Persian. Tajik has split due to political boundaries as well as by the influence of Russian and neighboring Turkic languages ​​of the languages ​​spoken in Iran and Afghanistan Persian dialects.

Spoken in

• Indo-European languages Indo-Iranian languages Iranian languages Persian language Tajik

Tg

Tgk

Tgk

Classification

The ISO 639 code for Tajik is tg (ISO 639-2: tgk ), the SIL code is PET.

The classification is according to Ethnologue:

• Indo-European Indo- Iranian Iranian languages Southwest subgroup Persian Tajik

Number of speakers and dissemination

Lack accurate population statistics exist only imprecise estimates of the number of Tajik speakers. In Uzbekistan, the number of Tajik -speaking population, for example, much higher than the official figures indicate estimated by the Uzbek government. Nearly 3.2 million (1991 ) people speak this language in Uzbekistan approximately 933,000 in Tajikistan. In Kyrgyzstan, confess over 33,000 and over 25,000 people in Kazakhstan for Tajik language. In China, live in the western border regions still about 26,000 Tajiks.

Tajik divided into numerous dialects. Since the 1920s, the Tajik away ever further from the Persian of Iran. The modern Tajik written language differs mainly by the extensive lexical borrowings from the Russian by the literary language of Iran or Afghanistan, the so-called Dari.

The dialects differ today in the wording and in rhythm, but also evident in the grammar of the dialects of Persian in Iran ( Persia ) and Afghanistan. But it has been influenced since time immemorial by the various turkotatarischen languages ​​( Uzbek and Turkmen ) in Turkestan.

With regard to the current language situation needs to be on the other hand differed mainly between the Tajik default language in Tajikistan and other countries of the former Soviet Union on the one hand, and the languages ​​spoken in Afghanistan and Iran forms of speech. The voice name Tajik is a general practice for the former, while in Afghanistan, the ethnic group but is referred to as Tajiks, although that language as Persian or Dari.

Alphabets

The in Tajikistan and neighboring countries of the former Soviet Union ( USSR) spread Tajik default language used in contrast to the Persian language of Iran and Afghanistan, not Persian, but the Cyrillic alphabet.

Until the 1920s, the Persian was written in the countries of the Russian Empire or the Soviet Union with the Arabic-Persian alphabet. The form of language used in the region differed only in some points of vocabulary, syntax, and pronunciation of the Arabic script anyway not completely reproduced vowels of the written language used in the other Persian-speaking countries.

Within the general conversion of the writings of the Central Asian Turkic languages ​​in the Soviet Union introduced the Latin -based Unified Alphabet for the non-Turkish Tajik language at the turn of 1928/29, which was eventually replaced by a modified Cyrillic alphabet in winter 1939/40. The change had on the one hand aims to combat by introducing a simpler, language, custom font illiteracy, on the other hand, aimed to reform it from the narrow bonds of the Central Asian peoples to the Persian and Arab culture and particularly Islam by abolishing the "Font of the Koran " to solve.

In the course of the growing Tajik nationalism in 1989 passed a law before the independence from the Soviet Union, the Tajik declared the state language and to called to replace the Cyrillic alphabet again by the Arabic script. However, the desired return to the Arabic script could not prevail, only a small minority in Tajikistan today dominated beside the Cyrillic and the Arabic alphabet.

Through a spelling reform in 1998, the four-letter Ц ц, Щ щ, and Ь Ы ы ь were abolished. The first three were found only in loanwords from Russian, the latter also in a redundant position in native words.

1: At the beginning word and after a vowel Depending ever after consonant e 2: At the end of a word and before the following consonants I i, before a following vowel J j. 3: ss Between vowels, otherwise S see 4: These letters were found only in loanwords from Russian. Through the spelling reform of 1998 were abolished. 5: In the words of Arabic origin after consonant [ ʔ ], after a vowel it causes an elongation of the preceding vowel. In the words of Russian origin not spoken. 6: Soviet times was ё between consonant and a following Ё, Ю ю, Я я ь always written in native words. It also occurred in loanwords from Russian. Through the spelling reform of 1998, it was abolished without replacement. 7: Only word-initially and after vowels in other positions Е е is written. 8: Is only used end of the word for fitting auslautendes [i ], to distinguish it from unstressed.