Tapestry

The re- recorded by science medieval tapestry expression refers to both the technology of interacting images and motifs in a textile fabric and the product of this technique, the tapestry. The tapestry is not to be confused with the Teppichwirkerei, be cast in the motifs in Oriental rugs flat.

Vocabulary

The technique of tapestry weaving is related, but not identical with it, though it requires as weaving a hand-loom or a loom or a jacquard. When knitting the colored weft threads are only to the edge of the specified color in the box area back and forth cast while they are shot at weaving through the entire Webebreite, from one edge to the other.

, Is for the product in addition to the name tapestry, especially, mainly common for the classic works from French incorporated into the German language synonym tapestry, while the common but misleading words to avoid until the 19th century tapestry and tapestry as possible are, as a tapestry is not used as a carpet and not exclusively as a wall covering. A distinction is made between real and unreal ie by hand and machine-made Bildwirkereien. As Gobelins are only real to call tapestries produced in the now settled in Paris Gobelins. To imitations are in the Gobelinmalerei, the motifs are painted on a fabric and needlepoint actually a petit point embroidery.

Bildwirkereien be produced as individual works, as sequences of images and as hangings. A sequence (French série ) consists of several, according to the same template (Fr. carton ) standard -built identical Bildwirkereien. The blind (French ensemble ) is a set that serves the homogeneous space features a gallery, a Gemaches or a suite of rooms. It is composed of different individual plants, in which the same color and the same subject in a different form in each case taken up again. For such a blind include besides several large wall hangings and smaller, in both color and theme also adapted works as Türbehänge and Upholstery for seating, seat cushion, fireplace screens and the like.

Function

The ornate tapestries had to fulfill in addition to the decorative various practical tasks. Firstly, thermal insulation, which also the indoor climate was positively influenced. Next they helped the acoustics problems in large, high-ceilinged rooms to solve. Considering only these convenient features of Bildwirkereien, one of the genus, however, is not justified. In addition, many Bildwirkereien and Bildwirkereifolgen have great didactic functions. Thus, for example, the medieval Bildwirkereien from the Upper Rhine, the wild people and / or mythical animals show prompts to live a life according to court laws. The wild figures reflect the courtly- chivalric ideal which the viewer should emulate. The numerous Liebesallegorien same provenance evidence of this. In addition, this Bildwirkereien were probably placed as high under the ceiling of the rooms that an insulating effect can be negated and needs.

Technology

A real hand knitted tapestry built on a vertical loom high ( Hautelisse - chair) or on a flat horizontal loom ( Basselisse - chair). Are processed linen and cotton for the highly strained warp, wool, silk, linen and sometimes when it is very precious works, silver and gold threads for the weft. Is knitted on the back side of the resulting work.

The basis for the design a colored design or a painting. As a link between the design and the fabric used is a box that has the specified contours, the boundaries of the different color spaces and the color scheme have been established. This board is set up as a web template either in the back of the caster ( high loom ) or under the warp threads attached ( flat loom ). This means that the box for a flat loom needs to be drawn in mirror image or to avoid transmission errors, using transparent breaks, the calques, is transmitted as a mirrored outline drawing. The transfer of the contours of the carton on the warp threads is possible. In both cases, worked with mirrors, with a large mirror to keep the high loom the cardboard in the eye, with a small hand mirror to check the quality of front on the flat loom. So is the box in which the high loom, which the working on the back of the tapestry weaver viewed in a mirror, not drawn mirrored.

The incorporation of the images is called action or pass-through. In manual work, the weft yarn is wound onto a wooden so-called Fliete that resembles a front tapered bobbin. With the sharpened end of the tip of the thread Fliete is pressed in the fabric.

The work of a tapestry is very time consuming. It may be necessary four to eight weeks of work per square meter.

History

The next part of warp knitting weaving and pottery of the oldest handicrafts of mankind. It was practiced thousands of years ago. Their heyday was the tapestry in the Middle Ages and in the Renaissance, for example, in the Mille Fleurs - wall carpets.

The oldest surviving fragments of Bildwirkereien are grave goods, which have been preserved thanks to the dry desert climate in Egypt for thousands of years. From the ancient Greek vases with representations of looms are known from late antique and early Christian era woolen tapestry weavings from Asia Minor and Egypt. An early Coptic Wollwirkerei from the 4th century can be seen in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna.

One of the oldest Western European footsteps of the tapestry of the medieval works from the 12th and 13th centuries, which are kept in the cathedral of Halberstadt include (Abraham carpet in 1150, the oldest knitted tapestry of Europe ) and large, resulting in the late 13th century in France cycles such as the Apocalypse, which can be admired in Angers.

Tapestries

• Apocalypse ( tapestry )
• Croÿ carpet
• Hestia carpet
• Los Honore
• Games carpet
• Verdüre
• Medieval tapestries from the monastery of St. Clara ( Bickenkloster ) in the Franciscan Museum Villingen -Schwenningen
• The Lady with the Unicorn in the Musée national du Moyen Âge
• Abraham carpet in Halberstadt Cathedral
• Gothic tapestries in Wienhausen Abbey
• " The Hunt of the Unicorn " in The Cloisters
• Wild Woman with Unicorn in Basel Historical Museum

The Bayeux Tapestry (2nd half of the 11th century. ) Is referred to erroneously in the French language as " Tapestry ". However, it is in fact an embroidery.

Production

• Arras
• Aubusson
• Basel
• Beauvais
• Bruges
• Brussels
• Enghien
• FELLETIN
• Ghent
• Geraardsbergen ( Grammont )
• Halle ( Saale)
• Madrid
• Nuremberg
• Oudenaarde ( Audenarde )
• Paris
• Tournai

Significant artisans, artists and personalities

Listed are

To the countries in which they were creatively active and organized in the chronological order of the year of their birth.

Germany and former German territories

• Mathilde block (* July 10, 1850 in Niendorf at the Stecknitz, † June 21, 1932 in Pinneberg ), painter. She presented in 1895 at the German- Nordic trade and industry exhibition in Lübeck offers a tapestry with elaborate embroidery.
• Max Wislicenus (* 1861 † 1957 Weimar Dresden Pillnitz ), artist, teacher and professor of the Royal Art and Vocational School ( Academy from 1911) at Breslau, where he einrichtete 1904 a workshop for tapestry. Co-founded the "Workshops for tapestry Pillwitz Castle " (1919) in Dresden,
• Paul Thiersch (* 1879 † 1928 Munich Hannover), arts and crafts teacher and head of the artisan and Applied Arts School (now the University of Art and Design Burg Giebichenstein ) in Halle ( Saale). Ran from around 1915 tapestries produce in the school workshop.
• Wanda Bibrowicz (1878 Graetz / Poznan † 1954). Polish Bildwirkerin and head of the textile department of the Royal Art and Vocational School ( Academy from 1911) to Wroclaw, founder of the " Silesian workshop for art weaving " in Oberschreiberhau / Silesia ( 1911), co-founded the "Workshops for tapestry Pillnitz " in Dresden ( 1919),
• Irma Goecke (* 1895 † 1976 Paris Munich), Head of the Nuremberg Gobelins tapestry factory, created the first works in 1918.
• Johanna Schütz- Wolff ( * 1897 † 1965 Hall Söcking in Starnberg ), German artist and Bildwirkerin. First created their own works since the 20s.
• Erich Klahn (* May 16, 1901 Oldenburg, † October 14, 1978 Celle), cardboard painter.
• Vladimir Lindenberg (* 1902 † 1997 Moscow Berlin), German physician, writer, painter, and image -maker of Russian origin. Created his first knitting mills in the 20s.
• Woty or: Woty Werner - actually: Anneliese Werner ( * 1903 † 1971 Berlin Nuremberg) was a German Bildweberin, painter and Entwerferin. She was a participant of the 1959 documenta 2 in Kassel.
• Karl Schaper (1920-2008) ran the picture weaving together with his wife Susanne Schaper.
• Ingeborg Schaffler Wolf ( born 1928 in Heilbronn), has created numerous tapestries for public spaces
• Else Bechteler - Moses (* 1933 in Berlin ), carpet artist

Austria

• Fritz Riedl ( born June 10, 1923 in Vienna, † 2012 in Linz ), Austrian artist and abstract image Weber
• Hildegard Absalon (* 1935 in Bolzano, South Tyrol), Austrian artist and Bildweberin
• Elfi Baumgartner ( * 1944 in Dornbirn, Vorarlberg, Austria), Austrian artist and Bildweberin, studio in Vienna
• Ingo Knebl (* 1952 in Linz ), Austrian picture Weber
• Evelyn Gyrcizka (* 1953 in Vöcklabruck, Upper Austria ), Austrian artist and Bildweberin. The artist also works in the areas of book arts, graphic arts, painting, object art, preferably in the field of textile art.
• Päivi Vähälä (born 1954 in Finland), since 1976 living in Austria artist and Bildweberin
• Nadezhda Dimitrova (born 1 February 1979 in Bulgaria), since 1997 living in Austria artist and Bildweberin. The artist also works in the fields of painting, graphic arts and film.

Flanders

• Pasquier Grenier († 1493 ), image -maker in Tournai.
• Peter Heymann: Croy carpet ( 1554 ) by Cranach
• David Teniers III. (1638-1685), son of the Flemish painter David Teniers the Younger. Teniers also son of the same (* July 10, 1638, † February 11, 1685 ), Tapisseriemaler and decorative tapestry.
• Reydam the Elder ( c. 1660? ) And the younger (up to 1710). Workshop in Brussels, known tapestries in the collegiate church Kremsmuenster ( Egyptian Josef cycle ) and at Schloss Glücksburg ( Ovid's Metamorphoses ).
• Van der Borght and van der Hecke, manufactory to Brussels ( peaking around 1740). Important Tapisseriesammlung northern Germany Schloss Glücksburg ( see above) based on themes by David Teniers the Younger.

France

• Pablo Picasso ( Málaga * 1881 † 1973 Mougins ), Spanish painter, sculptor, ceramist. First design for a tapestry: " L' Inspiration" (1933 executed in Aubusson ).
• Georges Braque ( Argenteuil * 1882 † 1963 Paris), French painter. He provided numerous designs for the manufactures of FELLETIN and Aubusson.
• Sonia Delaunay (* 1885 † 1979 Paris), French painter of Russian origin, the wife of the painter Robert Delaunay. It provided great designs at the manufactory of FELLETIN.
• Jean Arp (* 1887 † 1966 Strasbourg Basle), French painter and sculptor. First design for a tapestry: " Ombre de Fruit" (1952 executed in Aubusson ).
• Jean Cocteau (* 1889 Maisons- Lafitte † 1963 Milly- la- Forêt), French writer, poet, graphic designer and film director. First draft: " Judith et Holopherne " (1948 delivered to the Aubusson factory ).
• Jean Lurçat (* 1892 † 1966 Bruyéres Saint -Paul -de- Vence ), French painter and cardboard painters, masters and representative of contemporary board painting, the revival of the tapestry is due to. First design for a tapestry: " L' Orange" (1933 delivered to the Aubusson factory ). He created about 800 boxes.
• Marcel Gromaire (1892 Noyelles -sur -Sambre † 1971), French painter
• Alexander Calder (* 1898 † 1976 New York Philadelphia ), American sculptor. First design for a tapestry, " Le Soleil Rouge " (1967). He then created numerous large-scale designs for the manufactories in FELLETIN and Aubusson.
• Salvador Dalí (* 1904 † 1989 Torre Galatea Figueres ), Spanish painter. He allowed his works in Aubusson, where he personally took part in the acceptance of the completed works as well as the suturing of the slots.
• Henri -Georges Adam (1904-1967)
• Victor Vasarely ( b. 1908 Pécs ), French painter of Hungarian origin. He left in 1949 in Aubusson and FELLETIN "Experimental tapestries " and kinetic works with metal threads are running.
• Yaacov Agam ( b. 1928 Israel ), French kinetic and op art artist Israeli origin. He provided abstract designs at the Aubusson Factory, which were executed early 70s.
• Jean Daprai ( born 1929 Rovereto ), French painter. Execution of designs for tapestries for the Sultan of Brunei to Jubilee 1991-1992 (1990, performed in Aubusson ).
• Richard Texier ( * 1955 Niort ), French painter. The first designs for tapestries: the image sequence " Droits de l' Homme " (1988, performed in Aubusson ).

Spain

• Francisco de Goya (* 1746 Fuendetodos, Aragón † 1828 Bordeaux), Spanish court painter. Between 1775 and 1792 he designed for the decoration of the royal palaces Prado and Escorial 63 tapestries in the Tapisserienmanufaktur Santa Barbara in Madrid.