Temple of Cybele (Palatine)

41.889512.484944444444Koordinaten: 41 ° 53 ' 22 " N, 12 ° 29 ' 6" O

The Temple of Magna Mater was one of the temple on the Palatine Hill in Rome. The Magna Mater cult was introduced due to a spell of the Sibylline books during the Second Punic War in 204 BC in Rome. This year, a Roman delegation brought a meteorite stone from the Phrygian goddess Cybele in the sanctuary Pessinus to Rome. The stone was incorporated into a silver statue and first erected in Victoria temple on the Palatine. The Romans gave the Phrygian goddess Mater Deum Magna name idaea ( Great Mother of the Gods from Mount Ida ). On April 11, 191 BC, it was consecrated on the Palatine, a separate temple. To this opportunity as a cultic festival, the Ludi Mega Lenses introduced, which were celebrated every year from April 4 to 11 in front of the temple. The Fasti Fasti Quirinales Antiates maiores and are considered the oldest textual witnesses for the dating of the season. Later Fasti - traditions contain a transmission error, which is why the specified time is there hard to see 4 to 10 April to be incorrect.

This first consecrated by the praetor Marcus Junius Brutus building burned in the year 111 from BC, but was immediately likely rebuilt by a Metellus, the consul of the year 109 BC, Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus to a year 3 AD again a fire to fall victim. Augustus renewed this building - AEDEM Matris Magnae (built "I have the temple of the Magna Mater on the Palatine Hill ;" res gestae 19) in Palatio feci - which was finally made ​​to the 4th century. On the west side of the Palatine, at the upper end of the Scalae Caci were found in the remains of a temple numerous with the Magna Mater to be connected inscriptions, the. Portion of a larger than life female seated statue as well as the fragments of a base with paws of lions, the usual accompaniment figures of the goddess Therefore, the identification of the temple to the Magna Mater is considered certain.

Especially the podium of the temple is well preserved, beyond fragments of the column bases, the capitals and the Geisons are attributable to the construction. In general, the fragments with the Augustan renewal to be associated, but could be to connect BC they also with a non- traditional repair from the time around 40/30.

According to the podium of the temple was about 17 meters wide and 33 meters long. The podium of Opus caementitium clearly has two phases, which are to be connected with the metellischen construction and the Augustan building. Accordingly, the panel was increased significantly in the time of Augustus. This end, all older buildings of the Rising architecture republican period must have been removed. Perhaps the fragment found in the excavations of an Italo- Corinthian capital of the exterior trim of the metellischen construction phase is to be assigned. A found in the cella Italo- Ionic capital could be bonded to the inner order of this building.

The archaeological record after it was in the Augustan temple to a hexastylen prostyle with four columns deep porch. The columns stood on plinthenlosen Attic bases and wore Corinthian capitals that were worked in each of two workpieces. The base length of 1.34 meters, the lower column diameter 1.02 meters, so that a column height can be determined from about 10 meters. The unusual absence of the plinth of column bases middle Augustinian age suggests that it is re-used architectural elements of a republican previous building at the bases. The entablature is not preserved, but can be prepared in analogy to all other buildings in Rome this time reconstruct with Ionic architrave and frieze. In the Konsolengeison obtained in parts followed. All exterior architectural elements had been worked out peperine and coated with white stucco. This is much noteworthy than any other Augustan temple to have renewed praised the Augustus himself, were made ​​of marble.

The temple had an interior trim that runs along the long sides with Corinthian columns on a pedestal whose Caementiciumkern is still preserved, arose. The respective capitals were made ​​of marble, and the Paviment was formed from slabs of marble. The back of the cella took on a full-width, a narrow, unspecified as to its function finite space. Whether he was accessible, is not to decide on the basis of findings on. Before the mid Cellarückwand are the Caementiciumreste a large base, which was the cult image. About the other features of the cella is not known.

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