Theorbo

The theorbo (Italian Tiorba, French theorbo, Eng. Theorbo ) is a musical instrument belonging to the family of lute instruments. It is a bass instrument. Your Bautechnisches mark is the second pegbox at an extended neck. Types of the theorbo are the Italian chitarrone, the French theorbo des pièces and the English theorbo.

Theorbo is also a variety of bass sounds, called the common feature of a second pegbox is (for recording bass strings ), but not theorbos in the strict sense are: liuto attiorbato, Arciliuto, Archlute, German baroque lute, Angelica ( Angelique ).

Name

The etymology of the name theorbo has not been sufficiently clarified. According to Athanasius Kircher 's name was initially meant jokingly called Neapolitan dialect actually in the Mahlbrett on which the fragrant essences and herbs of perfumers and apothecaries were crushed.

The senior synonym chitarrone derived based on the ancient kithara as augmentative of chitarra ( a fünfchörigen Italian lute), was until 1650 in use. In Germany, the newly invented name archlute is used since the 18th century. However, the theorbo in the narrower sense is fundamentally different from the sounds of their mood.

Development

The new music from 1600 ( monody ) required instruments with a deep bass register with the accompaniment. This gut strings sound deeper at the same voltage, its mass must be increased. Carried Increasing the mass by the strings are made thicker or longer. The structural solution to accommodate longer strings was the second pegbox at an extended neck.

Most of the preserved theorbos distinguished by their size and the related long fingerboard Scale length, which can vary between about 80 and 100 cm.

The long scale length of the fingerboard a problem in the high -sounding strings arose. The gut strings required are so thin that they tear very easily. Therefore, the first and second chorus of the theorbo is tuned an octave lower, so that the third chorus of the highest sounding is ( re-entrant tuning, recurrent mood ). By this mood the theorbo is fundamentally different from the lute.

The small form of the theorbo is the Tiorbino that is tuned one octave higher than the theorbo in the same declining mood. Two authors have written for this instrument: Bellerofonte Castaldi ( a Capricci 2 stromenti cioè Tiorba e tiorbino, Modena 1622) and Jean -Baptiste Besard ( Novus parturition, 1617).

Composers

The most prominent representatives of the instrument in Italy were Johann Hieronymus Kapsberger, Bellerofonte Castaldi and Alessandro Piccinini. From England no solo music for theorbo is provisionally known, but William Lawes, inter alia, put her in his chamber music. In France theorbos were estimated to in the first third of the 18th century and both chamber music and orchestral music used (Nicolas Hotman, Robert de Visée ). In the Hoforchestern of Vienna, Bayreuth and Berlin theorbists until well after 1750 employed (Ernst Gottlieb Baron, Francesco Bartolomeo Conti ).

Solo music for theorbo was listed in Tab.