Three-Chapter Controversy
In Chapter Three dispute was in the 6th and 7th centuries an intra- church dispute about the relationship between the divine and human natures of Jesus Christ.
The Council of Chalcedon (451 ) had the Christological disputes over the nature of Christ can not be resolved, but brings a number of new schisms. 519 under Emperor Justin I had at least the Akakianische schism between the Churches of Rome and Constantinople Opel can be resolved. However, a certain mistrust remained, and in particular the split between who was " orthodox" ( " orthodox " ) Church and the numerous, especially in Syria and Egypt " Monophysites " (or Miaphysites ) deepened by this understanding even further.
Therefore, Emperor Justinian ( 527-565 ) struck out of political necessity and allegedly under the influence of the Empress Theodora, an exchange rate, which should bring about a rapprochement. In the experiment, the Monophysite - antichalkedonensischen church communities in the East of the Roman Empire again in the Christian " orthodoxy " integrate, the emperor sought from 532 to the condemnation of the alleged " main cause " of the " Nestorian heresy " from before the Council of Ephesus (431). The Nestorians had been the common enemy of " Orthodox " and " Monophysites " twenty years before Chalcedon, and Justinian clearly hoped to achieve by returning to this front position reconciliation. The three in question theologians were Ibas of Edessa († 457 ), Theodoret of Kyrrhos († 466 ) and Theodore of Mopsuestia († 428 ) with the publish their writings, including the letter of Ibas of Edessa to the Persian Mari. First of all works and person of Theodore of Mopsuestia was condemned by Emperor Justinian in the Three Chapters as Nestorian decree. Among the " three chapters " means this person and work of three theologians.
Justinian's plan, however, did not go on, because on the one hand, the Monophysites were not impressed, and on the other, caused the condemnation of the three allegedly Nestorian authors especially in the West for outrage. They refused there to understand the question writings as heretical, and saw in the imperial advance a covert initiative in favor of the Monophysites. The three chapters decree initially vehemently rejecting Pope Vigilius was finally 553 after Justinian's troops had wrested Italy the Ostrogoths, quoted by Constantine Opel. In the course of negotiations on the three chapters Vigilius was an escape to the church council of Chalcedon, violently forced to return to Constantinople Opel. When he arrived there, Justinian broke not to bother with the "Three Chapters " his promise Vigilius. Then an ecumenical council was held to abzuhandeln the Three Chapters in Constantinople Opel. Vigilius absolutely refused to attend the council, if not more bishops were present from the West. Most of these bishops did not, and the council joined the condemnation by Justinian still on. Only when Vigilius, outmaneuvered by imperial diplomats, this decision had officially endorsed, he was allowed to embark on the journey back to Rome, where he died in Syracuse.
This change was made to the Pope in the West very ill, and several bishops did not accept the condemnation of the Three Chapters; it was followed by a 150 year -ending schism, the schism of Aquileia. Many bishops in North and Central Italy turned away from Rome and the Lombards invaded 568 (which held out as Arians of the dispute ) to. This was due to the already mentioned contrast in matters of faith between Opel Constantine, Rome and northern Italy the bishops. Those presented itself vehemently opposed the condemnation of the Three Chapters.
It was only towards the end of the 7th century, a reconciliation synod was held in Pavia, which dissolved the schism within the Lombard church and with Rome.