Tibia

The tibia (Latin tibia) is next to the fibula ( fibula ), one of the two bones of the lower leg. The tibia is the stronger of the two bones and a typical long bone. The Latin word tibia is the name of a bone flute and the Latin name of the famous as Aulos in Ancient Greece wind instrument.

Shin back

Shin in mammals

Head

The strongest is formed, the upper end of the head (caput tibiae ), which bears two condyles ( medial condyle and lateral condyle ). These have on its upper surface covered with cartilage, a joint surface (facies superior articular ) caused by an increase ( tibial ) is separated into two portions. The increase takes place in two separate nodules from ( intercondylar tubercle medial and lateral intercondylar tubercle ). Limited it is the front (ventral ) and back (dorsal ) by two shallow pits ( anterior intercondylar area and posterior intercondylar area ). There, the cruciate ligaments and the supporting ligaments of the ( menisci ) in front. The entire upper surface of the tibia will be referred to as tibial plateau and together with the condyles of the femoral bone ( femur), the knee joint. At the lateral extent of the almost vertical bone edge we find the joint surface (facies articular fibular ) for the fibula head ( fibular head ).

Shaft

Further down, already in the region of the shaft ( corpus tibiae ), is directed forward a broad, little increased roughness ( tibial tuberosity ). Here is where the tendon of the quadriceps femoris. To one side lies in pets a deep groove ( sulcus extensor ) through which trace the origins tendons of the extensor digitorum longus and peroneus tertius. The stem is three-sided, tapering towards the bottom ( distal). One can distinguish three surfaces (facies medialis, facies lateralis and facies posterior). The lateral and central area are caused by a sharp edge ( anterior border - in animals Margo cranialis called ) separately. It lies directly beneath the skin and is not protected by the muscles, which is why a kick in front of the shin is very painful. The also sharp and farthest pulling down edge between tibia and fibula ( interosseous Margo ) separates the posterior and lateral surface of each other. In addition to it relies on its entire length to a tight ligament ( interosseous membrane ) that completely bridges the gap between the tibia and fibula. The third edge ( medial border ), which lies between central and rear surface is, however, rounded. The rear surface shows humans at the top of one of the side - up ( lateral- cranial ) to the middle - bottom ( medial- caudally ) running flat bones strip ( linea musculi solei ). This serves as the origin of the soleus muscle.

Bottom

The lower end carries two with the ankle bone ( talus ) associated articular surfaces. One is almost horizontal and is curved inward (facies inferior articular ), the other ( superior articular facies ) goes to the center without limit in a rounded angle in the sagittal standing almost ankle area (facies articular malleolar ) over. The latter rests on the inside of the ankle ( medial malleolus ), a nearly conical, pronounced protrusion on its rear surface a tendon groove ( sulcus malleolaris ) draws. In animals, the articular surface is also larger than the rudimentary fibula on the outer ankle ( lateral malleolus ). In ruminants, it is designed as an independent bone (Os malleolare ). The articular surface of the lower end of the tibia ( articular facies malleoli, in animals cochlea tibiae ) is related to the joint role of the talus in conjunction. Both form the upper joints of the ankle days ( " mortise "). The lateral surface of the lower end piece shows a for receiving the lower end of fibula certain, but not cartilaginous incision ( fibular notch ).

Shin in birds

In birds the tibia with the top row of the ankle bones ( tarsal bones ) is grown. One therefore uses the term Tt (see also bird skeleton).

Diseases

Tibial fractures ( fractures) are common. They are treated surgically by means of metal plates and screws or intramedullary nailing lungs through the so-called fixation.

A common, due to overloading (jogging, indoor sports etc. ) caused disease is the leading Tibiakantensyndrom ( shin splints ). Occurring in the distal half of the tibia there is a painful irritation of the origin of the tibialis anterior muscle fibers.

The Osgood-Schlatter disease is an irritation of the tibial bump, ie the insertion of the patellar ligament. In domestic dogs, a similar disease with replacement of the shin bruise occurs, which is referred to as tibial tuberosity - avulsion -