Timar

The Timar system was a form of land distribution in the Ottoman Empire. A Timar / تيمار was a fief, the higher civil servants assigned instead of a salary (later also in the civil service in the military, ). The country did not go over in their possession, but the rights to use the land was transferred for life. After the death of the beneficial owner, the Timar fell back to the state.

As a rule, the Tımariot leased ( the Timar - holders ) that it provided land to farmers and lived on the fees payable to him. Based on this land leasing was the Cift - Hane System ( Turkish Çift - Hane or Çifthane ) that not only the relationship between farmers and Tımarioten regulated, but also represented the basis for calculating the payable taxes.

The Timar system was introduced by Osman I (r. 1281-1326 ), who tied his followers with the granting of lands to themselves. Later the system of Murad I (r. 1359-1389 ) to the statutory warranty of Tımaren to each Sipahi ( Trooper ) has been extended. With Mehmet II (r. 1451-1481 ) the Timar system was the only permissible form of land distribution in the Ottoman Empire. In the 17th century the number of Tımare fell sharply in 1831, finally, the system was abolished by law. From this point were all lands in the state or privately owned.

Çift - Hane

The Çift - Hane was the taxation unit of the farmer's family, based on the rural tax system. The unit consisted of three parts: the taxable married farmers ( Hane ) and his family ( the labor force), the land leased to him ( Çiftlik / چفتلك ) provided with a pair of oxen ( Çift / چفت ) could not be processed. The country had to be large enough for one to feed the farmer and his family, on the other hand also had operating costs and taxes (eg taxes) can be met from. The three elements together formed an indissoluble unity both for tax purposes as well as for the design of country size. This country has been through legal provision hereditary in the male line and was not allowed to be shared. The Sepahis it was forbidden to take the for Çift - Hane for settlement with farmers provided land or edit.

The size associated with a Çift - Hane unit land area varied depending on the soil quality and growing conditions in different parts of the country and was 5-15 acres for every farmer with his family and the team of oxen.

The Çift - Hane system was also used in the conquered by the Ottomans areas as a method of Landkolonialisiation.