Time perception

Perception of time is a fuzzy term for cognitive phenomena such as sense of time, sense of time, simultaneity / succession, subjective time or time quality.

Basics

Be systematized according to the mapped origin variables can distinguish between

As a movement and action perception the Continuous clearly the result of perception is called. Clearly, steady movement is subject to certain conditions, even if objectively discrete changes are present (see stroboscopic motion). The perceived temporal order of discrete events or motion segments includes the aspects of temporal and Nacheinanders of simultaneity.

It could be shown that the impact performance in the same modality, among other things, by the stimulus intensity (see stimulus) and dependent on the factors of the setting. If events are compared, which excite different sense organs, their different response time as well as the diversity of neural transmission times to the common reflection of events in the central nervous system has a significant influence on the result of perception. Piaget's experiments disprove the assumption that follow- perception is an innate ability. " There is no primitive intuition of simultaneity. "

The focus of studies on the perception of time intervals were problems of distinguishing stimulus intervals, including the determination of thresholds and the analysis of the absolute impression of temporal duration and the laws of temporal interval estimation. Size estimates indicated a representable as a power law relation between objective and subjective intervals with an exponent close to unity. However, the relative perception of time intervals depends to a high degree of stimulus conditions as the event wealth and psychological factors, as well as monotony experiences.

An important aspect of studies on the perception of time is the recognition of excellent temporal event arrangements. Examples include the temporal repetition of sequences of events and temporal periodicities.

Swell

Simultaneity in the perception of time is a more complex phenomenon than it at first glance seems. The following thresholds of perception are distinguished:

• The threshold can be detected from the two events as separate (fusion threshold) is, by the respective sense organ dependent. Thus optical impressions have 20 to 30 milliseconds apart, to be separated in time, while for acoustic perceptions suffice three milliseconds.
• The threshold at which the order of two stimuli can be distinguished ( order threshold ), is independent of the kind of perception about 30 to 40 milliseconds, but is always oriented according to the slowest stimulus transmission.
• In addition, the perception of the present is indicated by a three-second period, this period is called the present time.

Objective and subjective time

In the formulations of the vernacular, the subjective perception of time is expressed in terms of the passage of objective time. At the same time comes in the particular use of these formulations a summary of events, states, and the person 's own expressed. Examples are:

• Have ( no ) time
• Time goes by (not )
• Take ( no ) time
• Win / lose time
• Give / steal someone time
• Killing time
• Time is running away us

In the literature (eg, " The Magic Mountain" by Thomas Mann ) and in the film, particularly in the science fiction genre, the subject of the deviation, reversing or overcoming the regular flow of time is represented sometimes. As a stylistic device, the rear telling of a story intended. " Arrow of Time " by Martin Amis is a good example. In the film, this stylistic device was used, inter alia, in "Memento ". Other stylistic devices are also slow or fast motion. Significant is the difference of narrative time for story time.

The term quality refers to certain criteria of feeling associated with the sense of time. In the para-scientific to esoteric environment is trying to embed laws of time perception in on the personal perception beyond structures.

In hypnosis research applies time distortion, that is, slowed or accelerated time perception, as a trance phenomenon.

Sense of time

The sense of time - also: the perception of time - refers to an ability in humans and animals, to estimate certain sequences of operations, the duration of the objective process, with subjective impressions of the course of life is ensured.

Description

Studies have shown that there are for the duration of an objective process, no special cells in the brain which makes a measurement of time period. The brain relies on the assessment of the course duration of an objective process to a measure of intellectual activities, resulting from employment during the operation. This gave the following sensations set:

Under this mental activity is the number of thought processes in the brain to understand. A typical experimental arrangement is estimating the time between two signals that are perceived by the senses. If the signals of the subject known as the interval between the known signals is shorter than estimated between two unknown signals, the test arrangement always chose equal time intervals between the known and unknown signals.

Another conclusion about the sensation of the duration of a distance traveled arises from the impressions when driving to the workplace. Here, the impression that the trip lasts shorter than the way there to work because of the way back seems to be known and requires less attention to thought processes arises.

With regard to the general sense of time in relation to age following conclusion can be drawn: When older people, it happens less often that he has to deal with new impressions - so there in the elderly before the impression that the known processes run faster.

The sense of why, in a " wait state ", ie, in a state where one waits for the start of an objective process, the perception of time by an increasingly longer duration of the course of waiting is based, is not yet clear. Obviously place but the people with a direct fixation of a period, the perception of time as a reversal instead: probably doing any perception of time is blocked.

Tests on rhesus monkeys at the University of California, San Francisco showed an estimate of the timing of which depends on the motion perception of a moving object in the animals. After a repetition of the process an idea had developed in the monkeys when the object changes its direction (2). A deflection of the Apes by other stimuli failed. The monkeys were given an estimate of the period of the movement of the object by the ratio of the speed of the object for each of the passing track.

Therefore, the following findings about the sense of time can be assumed:

Schedule types

In the Chrono psychology distinguishes between through - timers and In - timers, which should be available in a ratio of 50:3. There are two different types of planning in the perception of the passage of time known:

• Through -timer plan their daily and weekly progress schedule, stick to set times and overlook greater periods of time.
• In -timer, however, see in particular the respective moment and live in the moment. Therefore, there may be difficulties with their punctuality.