Tironian notes

The Tironischen notes are a Roman shorthand system that was developed in the first century BC by Marcus Tullius Tiro, Cicero 's private secretary, for the record of speeches and court hearings and involved some 4,000 characters.

The sign system consists of greatly reduced capital and partly of cursive letters. The uppercase main character ( word mark ) stand for a whole word and are supplemented by small additional motif ( auxiliary, titulus ), expressing the inflectional endings.

History

Tiro taught youth senators in his notes, and these recorded so that on December 5, 63 BC, the indictment against Catiline by the process of writing lap. The Tironischen grades were in ancient times an important part of writing education. By the end of the Roman Empire, the character treasure had more than doubled. In the Commentarii Notarum Tironianarum, the collection created in the 5th century the tironischen notes which formed the main source of their knowledge in the Middle Ages, are 13,000 characters to find.

In the Frankish empire the tironischen notes were especially used by the deed writers of the Frankish rulers. From the 10th century they have been used but only sporadically. Individual characters are passed into the general treasury of the abbreviations that have been used mainly for space saving. For everyday use, the scores were too difficult. In Germany especially a few traces of its use are covered from the high and late Middle Ages.

In the Middle Ages tironischen notes were used to correct, excerpting and commenting on manuscripts. Some Tironian notes were used until the 17th century in Western Europe.

In the 19th and in the first half of the 20th century, the tironischen notes in particular by Maurice Jusselin, Arthur and Michael Mentz Tangl were explored.

Tironisches Et

The only Tironian note that Et (Unicode U 204 A tironian sign et " ⁊ " in the General Punctuation block ) is still used today, in the Irish instead of "&".

In the German fracture set the Tironian Et was well into the 19th century in the abbreviation " ⁊ c. " = " Etc. " are used. As the glyph is used at this time in this respect to the ( no longer regularly used as such at the time) is similar to a round r, it is often mistakenly referred to in this application as "round r ."

The keyboard Standard ISO / IEC 9995-3:2010 specifies for entering the tironischen Et the key combination, which is located on the German keyboard assignment as group change ⇨ followed by ^. Thus, there is this input option in the German keyboard layout T3 according to the German standard DIN 2137-1:2012-06.

Tironisches Et in a Latin Bible manuscript (Gerard Bril, Belgium), 1407

Tironisches Et in the abbreviation etc. at the end of the needle track list. German pressure, 1768