Toga

The toga was the garment of the Roman citizen.

Appearance

The toga was a single, about 6 m long and 2 1/2 meter wide piece of fabric that was worn so that you threw to a corner over the left shoulder forward, pulled the top edge on the back, the other tip but under the right arm passed by, so that it was free, and then over the left shoulder threw ( see illustration). Under the right arm to the left shoulder arising on Bausch, the one as a pocket (sine ) cars. In the later period were worn under the toga, a tunic, originally only a towel ( subligaculum ).

The toga was made ​​of white wool ( toga alba), with ordinary people and in mourning dark ( pulla ). The higher magistrates ( curule aedile, praetors, consuls, censors ) and the members of the four major priestly colleges ( pontiffs, augurs, and Epulonen Quindecimviri ) in their official capacity wore wide with about a 3 inch ( = about 7.5 cm) purple stripes bordered toga ( toga praetexta ), as are the boys up to the age of majority. Then the young men took off in a ceremony ( tirocinium fori ) to toga praetexta and wore henceforth as adult citizens the simple, unverbrämte toga, toga virilis or toga pura. Special State clothes were the toga picta, a purple toga, decorated with golden stars, which docked to the victor, and decorated with embroidered palm branches toga palmata ( trabea ). The shiny white toga candida - hence the term " candidate" - was carried by the candidates for state offices; Defendant wore a dark toga ( toga squalida ). In summer, wearing the toga rasa, a sheared toga made ​​of thin fabric; in winter a woolen ( toga pinguis ). Only Roman citizens were allowed to wear the toga.

Fashion history

The toga was not always met in the same way: The Republican toga differs from the imperial period. The worn during the imperial period toga was more like a modern, wrapped around the body in ample folds shawl, which was taken from the left arm and hung behind this.

Among the many Roman statues in which the heads have not survived, dating could be made with their hair and beard, the draping of the toga is an important tool for approximate dating.

In the 3rd century, when all the free imperial residents received the Roman citizenship, lost the toga important as its primary function, to characterize Roman citizens, was now meaningless. Added to this was that basically everyone who was from Diocletian in the service of the emperor, as a soldier (miles ) was considered; the activity in the civilian sector was now a militia, which is why the officers mostly military cloak ( chlamys ) and soldiers belt ( cingulum ) contributed instead to appear in the toga. In late antiquity, the toga was therefore increasingly uncommon; But senators wore to last during the Senate sessions, as this was fixed by law ( Cod Theod. 14:10). And the city prefect of Rome and Constantinople Opel still wore in the 6th century during public appearances basically the toga. The consuls wore at that time an individually designed toga picta (or trabea ), which was colorful and richly decorated and was awarded by the Emperor.

Gabinus cinctus

The Gabinus cinctus (from Latin: cingere, gird ) is a named after the east of Rome town of Gabii type, the toga with her over the left shoulder tip beaten to aprons. The original battle dress was worn later in certain ceremonial acts and victims, such as the testamentum in procinctu, that is a testamentary oral statement, who performed the citizens in the field in the Gabinian girding to three or four witnesses.

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