Toy
A toy is an object that is used to play. The term toy is usually associated with children or pets, but it is also not uncommon for adults or not domesticated animals to play with toys. A toy is valued for its own sake, or because of the joy of the game ( playfulness) that it provides. Linguistically, the term belongs to the collectives.
In the trade in general and about the various trading companies marketed toys are summarized under the term toys.
Purpose
In contrast to a tool that is primarily used in the production or processing of another thing, the purpose of the toy is in itself a toy serves the acquisition and learning of different skills and abilities. In children, it is also used for preparation of their gender role and their socialization in society. With toys certain processes of everyday life to be imitated and replayed. Since time immemorial toys of children are used.
Educational Toys - Educational Toys
The childish game and thus the toy used in this serve not only to entertain the child. Games and toys is space and resources to support children in their development. In the game physical, cognitive and social skills and competencies to be developed and trained. In this sense, every toy is the impetus, or is in some way, to discover the skills just mentioned and to exercise, to name a learning toy. In addition to such a broad definition therefore find academic definitions, such as after the game didactics Klaus Kube. Here it is, a learning game would be to name all those forms of play, " with whose help in the original sense, the learning of characters, concepts and facts as well as the rule-based order relations to be provoked. " Learning toys were accordingly those toys which are a mandatory part of these forms of play, or which are suitable to initiate such forms of play. Learning toys in the academic sense, so toys with which a child can learn speaking, reading, arithmetic, and Mapping and recognize abstract qualities (shape, color, etc.). The everyday understanding of the term educational toys therefore differs significantly from the academic definition. Nevertheless, the educational and pedagogical purpose, a toy may have anchored in the parental perception and plays a crucial role in the selection of toys. As two recent studies, the Society for Applied Social Research ( GEFAS ) and show the University of Erlangen -Nuremberg, toys are picked especially with regard to your educational and educational suitability. Far weightier pay a aspects of functionality, suitability as a learning tool and the educational value to the positive perception of a toy than monetary or aesthetic aspects. (See also child's play game ( education) and educational games )
History
Stone Age
As the oldest toy doll is to be considered. Already from the early Stone Age can be doll -like structures made of clay to prove. Toy was first manufactured in the simplest way themselves, eg by carving. In prehistoric children's graves have been found as adjuncts small ceramic noise instruments, in particular rattle, rattles and whistles. Although they also served to ward off evil spirits, but a possible toy interpretation can not be denied.
Antiquity
About 200 BC there was in Egypt already wooden crocodiles and lions with movable lower jaw. Even dolls were known with movable limbs from wood, clay, terracotta, bone and plaster throughout the ancient Mediterranean. On Greek vases children are often displayed with the toy. In ancient Rome, there was not complete doll furniture sets.
Middle Ages
Messingpferdchen, wood and Tontiere were of little boy just as coveted toys in the 12th century as gewappnete knights in miniature. Also rocking horses were very popular, for they had besides the reassuring weighing function and the purpose of preparing to ride. Not only, but also by the influence of the social life -determining church, we now found in the privileged nobility and the emerging middle class increasingly gender-specific toys. Girls were already prepared playfully on her role as a mother ( doll, dollhouse ) and preserver of domestic order ( embroidery, spinning and jewelery work ). The children of the so-called lower classes, however, had less playing time and the toy was limited to often self-made marbles, balls made of raffia and wooden top.
Industry
In the course of industrialization, the toy industry has developed. Since the 15th century, Nuremberg is a center of trade and production of toys. The so-called Nuremberg trinkets, by which is understood fully furnished dollhouses, wooden soldiers, hobbies, drums and even small brass cannon, conquered the then known world market.
Since the end of the 17th century, wooden toys from home industry toy makers of the Ore Mountains, va expelled from Seiffen about peddlers. Even before 1800, they came into the world trade. Since 1905 more and more miniaturized figures, houses and cars were produced in Nuremberg degree in Seiffen. Small toy was even offered in matchboxes. The reason for this trend were next to rising timber prices changes in customs regulations important importing countries, the customs duties introduced weight instead of value of goods tariffs. Heavy, bulky large toys was so much more difficult for an export. In Seiffen especially the publisher HELanger made services to the promotion of the process of miniaturization.
In the 19th century Sonnenberg became the center of toy making and toy retailers. The Sonneberg wholesalers and merchants dominated the early 20th century, with its predominantly produced in homework toys the world market and made Sonnenberg to the world toys city.
For the manufacture of wooden toys is a very active cottage industry was from the 19th to the late 20th century in Val Gardena in South Tyrol active.
Even today, about 70 % of the German toy industry are in southern Germany. ( See also: Nuremberg Toy Museum )
The design of the toy reflects the different natural and cultural life and attitudes. Even adults dealing with toys, such as model building.
Today, the majority of all toys in the People's Republic of China is established ( see links).
Safety testing of toys
Toy that is brought into the EU market must, the (safety) meet requirements of the Toy Safety Directive 2009/48/EC. There is no requirement that toys must have been getestest before it is placed on the EU market. However, any toys must carry a CE mark, together with the ( intra-European ) address of the manufacturer or distributor's. This is criminally responsible for ensuring that the product placed on the market by him toys of the TSD is sufficient. The CE mark has in terms of pollutant content of the toys but little information since independent control usually does not occur.
Task of market surveillance authorities, it is, inter alia, to consider toys on the requirements of the Toy Safety Directive. Here If discrepancies are found, the distributor must prove that he has the security of his toy previously checked. This he can do only by certified test reports adduced by testing laboratories have tested on the basis of harmonized standards the toy. Does he have these reports available on initial offenses threatens only a misdemeanor procedure, otherwise a criminal case.
The safety testing for toys include not only mechanical / physical tests based on the standards EN 71-1 and EN 71-2 and chemical tests, mainly on the basis of EN 71-3 - 71-12, but also further.
Addition to the required special toy safety toy must also meet additional requirements, such as the REACH Regulation, which prohibits certain substances in all products.
Dangerous toys and intensification of EU limits
After it in December 1996, in May 1999, has come in August and November 2007, December 2008, April and December 2009, in October 2010 and most recently in November 2011 to scandal - reports of poison in toys, are now at the EU level legislation in relation to limit values of lead, cadmium, nickel, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organotin compounds and fragrances are exacerbated in toys.
Examples of toys
- Craft, kneading and Malspielzeug plasticine
- Crayons, colored pencils
- Toy pearls
- Anchor Stone Building Set
- Lego Duplo
- Fischer Technik
- Formo
- Roundabout
- Tire
- Ball track
- Chestnut men
- Kaleidoscope
- Distorting mirror
- Corded phone
- Model Railway - toy train - Model Airplane - Toy car - car racing track
- Dolls House - For Sale Shop - Puppenherd
- Game Boy - Game consoles
- Board Games: Ludo - Dame - mill - Chess - Halma - Monopoly
- Dice games
- Card Games: Old Maid - Quartet
- Puzzle
- Marionette, Puppet
- Teddy bear
- Diddl Mouse
- Quietscheentchen
- Playmobil
- Tin soldiers
- Action Figure: Transformers, Power Rangers
- Toy robot: Robosapien
- Toy weapons, military model, toy soldiers, strategy games
- Ball
- Frisbee
- Boing Ball
- Glass Marbles
- Pokémon Trading Card
- Silly Bandz