Translit

Translit is a method to represent Cyrillic alphabet with the Latin alphabet. The term is derived from transliteration, the transmission of non- translatable terms, such as names or geographical names. For translit there are no official or well-defined transcription rules, such as the scientific transcription of Russian alphabet. Translit differs from the normal transliteration by the additional use of numbers and special characters - for example, " 4" for " ч ". There are Latin letters, Arabic numbers and special characters used as well as graphic symbols from the code table, which are on the PC keyboard.

Similar unofficial transcription systems using Latin characters, there are also other written languages ​​: Greek, Arabic, Japanese, etc. In earlier centuries the Bulgarian text was occasionally, for various reasons, written with Greek letters.

Formation

A kind translit was used before the computer age in the international telegraphy. With the spread of modern information technologies and the advent of the Internet after the collapse of the Soviet Union, translit spread rapidly. Since most Computerharware and software on the English language was based and the character encoding was often even completely incompatible with the Cyrillic character set, translit was the only way to get in the languages ​​with Cyrillic character sets (such as Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Bulgarian ) to communicate.

Often either the sender or the recipient was not equipped with a Cyrillic keyboard or had no Cyrillic font for your monitor. In the early days of the computer, the situation was exacerbated by the presence of different, incompatible coding systems for the Cyrillic alphabet, so that the sender and receiver are not necessarily the same Kodierungssstem had available. In addition, the 7- bit encoding of the characters in the early days of the computer was an additional obstacle. These technical problems when using Cyrillic script but were eliminated in the late 1990s in Russia.

Translit is used in web forums, chats, messengers and emails. Even in MMORPG and other network games, it is widely used. Also on Cyrillic e- mails from companies a text repetition is sometimes attached in translit to ensure that the recipient can read the e-mail on his computer if it can not represent Cyrillic characters. Some websites are created in addition also in addition to the Cyrillic version for security in translit, if the user has problems with the character encoding.

Translit is used when the computer can not be configured for Cyrillic characters, or if no time is available for reconfiguration are available. Even people who prefer the Latin alphabet and master the appropriate keyboard better, often soft on translit.

Input

A new impetus was given translit in the Cyrillic writing countries with the spread of the mobile phone. First, the situation was like in the computers. It only Latin letters were supported by the mobile phones and related networks. Although after Cyrillic script was supported, it had the disadvantage that messages in Cyrillic script could not be so long.

For example, could a text in Latin letters contain 160 characters or 60 to 80 characters in Cyrillic. This affects the price of SMS, so that even today most translit for SMS is used. Some mobile phones prior to 2002 could not constitute or Cyrillic script were to convert only with great effort for it. Longer messages can be economically transmitted with Latin letters. In the 8- bit encoding standard used, the news was mostly limited to a length of 160 characters. That could be fully exploited with Latin letters. In contrast, had to be used for messages in Cyrillic on the 16 -bit Unicode encoding and the length of the message was a reduction of nearly half.

Translit has continued for foreign users the advantage that they can write on a Latin keyboard ( qwerty keyboard layout ) is usually much faster and not have to learn the Cyrillic keyboard. While there are keyboards with double labeling, but these require an adequate writing speed mastering the Cyrillic keyboard. The arbitrary assignment of writing keyboard does not discard the clerk of the effort, partly to learn a new keyboard layout, because there are 33 Cyrillic letters ( in Russian ), but only 26 Latin letters. The main problem is that for some Cyrillic letters a Latin equivalent is missing, which can be represented with one letter.

One possible solution would be an arbitrary phonetic keyboard layout. This keyboard layout is similar to the Latin keyboard. It will be issued Cyrillic letters. So largely sufficient mastery of the Latin keyboard to write Cyrillic text.

A more convenient way is to use small write programs that convert text entered in translit into Cyrillic letters. Most the keyboard layout can be changed freely even with these programs. However, more keystrokes are in translit usually required than in Cyrillic. In particular, the sibilants are represented by combinations of Latin letters - eg ch, deleted, zh, jo.

Character mapping

Because of the lack of a uniform system, many users have concocted their own translit system.

The adjacent table shows the common Russian transliterations in translit.

Occasionally also:

• "Y" for " й "
• "Yu " for " ю "
• "Yo " for " ё "
• " Ye" for " э "
• "Ya" for " я " is used.

More recently, a more radical form of translit is developed, which is used especially by young people in SMS traffic, ignore the previous Translitregeln. This numbers are used for some Cyrillic letters - for example, " 4" for " ч " ( tcsh). The "4 " ( in open spelling)? similar to the Cyrillic letter " ч ". The Russian word for " four" ( четыре ) also begins with a " ч ". Also similar looking, in the Cyrillic unused, Latin letters are used: the " Я " is similar to "q".

Furthermore digits can be written as a replacement for in words - for example, " sov7 " for " sovsem " ( "seven" means in Russian "sem " ) or " posmo3 " for " posmotri " ( "three" in Russian means "tri ").

The correspondences between Russian and Cyrillic letters are by the Polish- German transcription ( й → j, ц → c, ы → y, ю → ju, я → yes ) and by the Russian- English transcription ( й → y, ц → ts ч → ch, ш → sh, ю → yu → ya) я affected.

Also visual similarities to a minor extent used ( ш → III or ш → w, ч → 4). If visual similarities are used to a greater extent, it is no longer translit, but Volapuk ( see below). Anglicisms (or other foreign words ) are usually played in the original.

So strong modified translit is difficult to decipher by most native speakers. In Internet communities such kind of translit encounters mostly on total rejection.

Other possible transliterations shown in the following table.

• а ─ a
• б ─ b
• в ─ v, w
• г ─ g
• д ─ d
• е ─ e
• ё ─ ö
• ж ─ j, g, v, z, zh, *
• з ─ z, 3
• и ─ i
• й ─ j, i, y

• к ─ k (rarely c )
• л ─ l
• м ─ m
• н ─ n
• о ─ o
• п ─ p
• р ─ r
• с ─ s, c
• т ─ t
• у ─ u

• ф ─ f
• х ─ h, x
• ц ─ c, ts, tz, z
• ч ─ 4, ch, ~ (rarely 5, q)
• ш ─ 6, sh, s, {, w, | | | (rarely ch)
• щ ─ 6t, 7, sht, st }, wt, 6 (rarely cht )
• ъ ─ а, y, w, u, @, _ (rarely 1, 2, 3, ` )
• ь ─ i, j, Y, X (rare 1, 8)
• ю ─ iu, ju, u, yu, u, \, |, x
• я ─ yes, ya, ia, q, 9, @

Explanation:

• "6" for " ш ", because of the same -sounding initial letter ( German: six, Russ: schest - "sh" ).
• " 6t " for " щ ", as it is Bulgarian as " deleted " pronounced. There we so "sh" ( Bulg " ш " ) transcribed with "6" and attached the audible "t".
• Since the letter " щ " in the alphabet after " ш " is coming, and " ш " in translit "6" transcribed, is " щ " with the next largest number "7" transcribed
• Umlauts often used in German-speaking countries as translit ( " WSOE " for " всё " )

Any letters are also selected according to visual similarity, especially common for the Russian language.

• Cyrillic - Latin
• " Н " - " H"
• " П " - " s "

Another possibility for the transliteration of the Cyrillic alphabet is Volapuk dar. Unlike translit where the letters are replaced so that the same word sound is created, the letters are replaced with Volapuk that either the same word sound is created, or the same typeface.

The name comes from the constructed language Volapük. Cyrillic texts that are written in such a view, for most readers very strange, as Volapüktexte.

For the Latin characters in Volapuk have the same appearance as the Cyrillic printed or handwritten letters, the targeted case- insensitive is used.

• The Cyrillic letter " а ", " е ", " к ", " м ", " т ", " о " and " у " are replaced by " same " Latin letter " a", " e", " K ", "M ", "T ", "O " and "y " respectively. this is "K" writ large, because the small " k" more of the appearance of the Russian " к " is different. as "M " capitalized, since the small " m " rather to the Russian "T" is similar. The "T" is also very important, as there is so more to the Russian " т " is similar, as the Latin lowercase "t".

Look-alike characters are replaced by " в " - " B", " г " - "2 " ( similar to the handwritten Russian г: г ), and " г " - " r " is possible " з " - " 3 " " л " - " J ", " н " - " н " " п " - " n" (because of the handwritten similarity: п ) " р " - " p", " с " - " c", " х "-" x "," ч "-" 4 ".

All others are difficult to be represented letters are shown with the most diverse variations. For example: " ж " - " *", " я " - " 91 ", " э " - " -", " щ " - " LLI_ ". In particular, for the representation of " щ " there are 15 different ways.

Some Cyrillic letters can be displayed based on Leetspeak by numbers.

Leetspeak similar Volapuk because of the use of numbers, but has other development reasons and is used only by a narrow specialized computer community.

Critic

As network technologies were compatible with the Cyrillic language, the use of translit was increasingly rejected and regarded as poor or unacceptable habit. In some communities with Cyrillic language translit users are ignored or completely banned. Only when communicating with foreign users who do not have computers that is compatible with Cyrillic letters, translit is fully accepted.

Especially because of the chaotic and diverse variants of translit it is usually rejected in Internet communities. In many discussion forums that reject translit are " converter " programs installed, convert the written with Latin letters translit text in Cyrillic text, but often fails because there is no fixed standard for translit.

The critics argue:

• The Latin letters are not provided for writing the Russian or Bulgarian language. There are fewer Latin (26 ) as Cyrillic letters (33 for Russian). The transliterated text reads slower and more difficult.
• The writers of translit hold a no standards. Almost everyone uses his own Latin letters and letter combinations for transliteration. Often, the transliteration is changed even within a text from the same writer. The even more difficult to read fluently communication and learning the ability Translittexte.
• Spelling, grammar, punctuation and style of expression are neglected or disappear completely in Translittexten.
• Regular users of translit, especially children, to develop a new kind of spelling mistakes when they write Cyrillic text in their native language. Frequent typos in the school are: "4" and "6 " instead of " ч " and " ш ".
• Stranger still be Translittexte if, in addition anglicisms are used in them or Internet abbreviations, which is common in the Internet communication.

Proponent

Proponents argue that overseas a Latin keyboard (without a corresponding mark with Cyrillic letters) after conversion to the Cyrillic alphabet set is particularly almost worthless.

It is also possible that the sender is working on a third party computer to which it does not have sufficient access rights to convert him to the Cyrillic character set. The sender is also technically not able to convert its system to Cyrillic (sometimes " DAU " effect, but not limited to ) policy. Often, however, is only laziness or convenience at the sender's one reason.

An important argument of the proponents of translit is that the error correction for users who use a converter, is especially costly. In extreme cases, the text to be sent is first written with Latin characters, then converted to Cyrillic characters, checked for errors and finally converted back to correct back into Latin characters. This rückkonvertierte text is finally corrected and then converted again in Cyrillic characters.

Converter

On the Internet there are a large number of free converter programs. Also, online - converter, which need not be installed, are available. Many browsers have such a converter. Preference should be given newer converter, in which the transliteration can be adjusted, or are self-learning and self-correcting and adapt automatically.

Examples

Translit

• Cyrillic: СОВЕТСКИЙ СОЮЗ; Translit: SOVETSKIY SOYUZ; Volapuk: COBETCKIJ COIO3; German: Soviet Union

• Bulgarian: ето така например; Volapuk: ETO Taka HanpuMep; German: for example,

Chat Bulgarian Posts

• Hello, ti GOLQM Bulgarian, kato SLAVI Trifonov li si, si ili ot po - Malkite Bulgarian - kato men, deto sluguvat na anglijskata kralica? Tyk nqmat kirilo - metodievata azbuka na kompjutrite, sorry ... (Note: "q " stands for " я " )
• Kato iskate da se na pi6e kirilica, ami slojete kirilizator kakavto ima v dir.bg, da se smenqt ezicite ot web stranicata na akademiqta, 6toto az nqmam BDS klaviatura, a Tezi piratski Versii na flex -type samo mi skapvat Windowsa, taka 4e za because iska6 trqbva because dade6 ne6to i ti (Note: " 6 " stands for " ш " and "4 " stands for " ч ").
• Az giveia v chugbina i ugasno mi lipsva vazmognostta because pisha na kiriliza. Imate li niakakvi saveti pе kakav Nachin moga da na pisha kirilica s klaviatura, samo na kirilica. (Note: "g " stands for " ж " but also for " г " )
• Moite saboleznovania. Lo6 kasmet si izvadil, brat. Ne e Lesno because i si Bulgarian as pi6e6 na Bul. Zeliat sviat pi6e na latiniza, never samo se Penim, 4e si imams kiriliza. (Note: "ia " stands for " я ", depending on the phonetic value of this is " a" or "u" for " ъ ", "z" is here once for " з " and again for " ц ").
• Tova e vqrno, za6toto sum ​​gledal dokumentalniti filmi na Nechanal Geograpshik. Az vqrvam, 4e Tornado moje da se na poqvi vsqkade. Edin moi priqtel koito se kazva Toni ne vqrva, 4e Tornadoto moje da se na poqvi vsqkade.
• Tornadoto e vurtq6t se buzdu6en Stulb, obiknoveno okolo 0.5 km 6irok. V centara mu se obrazuva Nisko atmosferno nalqgane i zatova tornadoto vcmukva razli4ni ne6ta po putq si.Tornadoto razviva skorost okolo 400 km / ч. Obiknoveno zatihva sled 20 km away. Tornadoto наблюдава se nai - чesto v Avstraliq i САЩ po na vreme letnite бури. (Bulgarian, Serbian Cyrillic: .. . Тордандото е въртяшт въздушен стълб, обикновено около 0.5 km широк В центъра му се образува ниско атмосферно налягане и затовас торнадото всмъква различни нешта по пътя си Тордандото развива скорост около 400 km / ч Обикновено затиxва след 20 km Тордандото се наблюдава най - често в Австралия и САЩ по време на летните бури German: .. the tornado is a rotating column of air which is usually 0.5 km wide in its center lower air pressure and therefore sucks the tornado is on. its way to various objects. the tornado developed speeds up to 400 km / h Usually it sounds 20 km away from. tornadoes are most often seen in Australia and the U.S. during the summer storms. )

Swell

• А.В. Фролов, Г.В. Фролов: Электронная почта. Ваш спутник в Интернете, Russkaya Redaktsiya Publishers ( Русская Редакция ), 2000, ISBN 5-7502-0156-2. ( Frolov, AV and Frolov, GV Electronic Mail Your Internet Companion, . Chapter 6 online )

Weblink

• On the romanization whether Bulgarian and English (English )

Online converter ( Latin to Russian, Armenian, Greek, Grusinisch, Hebrew, Kazakh, Lithuanian, Ukrainian, Belarusian ):

• Translit.ru converted to runtime latin in cyrillic and some other characters

Online converter (especially for Russian):

• Translitor.net Online Service Cyrillic transliteration
• Translit.cc - converted at runtime into Latin and Cyrillic texts and vice versa
• Translit -plus.net - converted at runtime into Latin and Cyrillic texts
• Translit.tv - converted at runtime into Latin Russian characters

Online converter (especially for Ukrainian):

• Ua.translit.cc - convert between Latin and Cyrillic Ukrainian-

Online converter (especially for Bulgarian):

• Www.dimovi.net/phonetic/
• 2cyr.com (configurable)
• 62c.hit.bg

Firefox plug-ins:

• Transliterator - convert latin in cyrillic characters and vice versa
• Russ Key
• Any Key
• Rus2Lat - convert latin in cyrillic characters and vice versa; BUT: not configurable

• Russian Language
• Bulgarian language
• Cyrillic letter
• Written Communication
• Encoding
• Net culture
• Typography