Treaty of 1818

The Convention respecting fisheries, boundary, and the restoration of slaves, as the Treaty of 1818 between the United States and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland is officially called - other names are the London Convention, Anglo- American Convention of 1818, Convention of 1818 or London Treaty of 1818 regulated open border disputes between the two countries and enabled a joint exploration and settlement of the Oregon Country, which is referred to in the British and Canadian history as the Columbia District of the Hudson's Bay Company and including the southern part of the district New Caledonia.

Provisions of the agreement

The contract, also known as Convention respecting fisheries, boundary, and the restoration of slaves, Convention of Commerce ( Fisheries, Boundary and the Restoration of slaves) and Convention of Commerce in between His Majesty and the United States of America is quoted, consisted of six articles.

  • Article I regulated the fishing rights for the United States on the coasts of Newfoundland and Labrador.
  • Article II continued the border between Canada and the United States along " a line was drawn from the most northwestern point of the Lake of the Woods, [ to the south and then ] along the 49th degree of north latitude ... " to the " Stony Mountains " ( now referred to as the Rocky Mountains ). For a boundary dispute was settled, the ignoring of the actual geography caused as 1783, the limit in the Treaty of Paris was set. This contract had ended the American Revolutionary War and established the border between the United States and the British possessions in the north along a line that should lead westward to the Mississippi River from Lake of the Woods. The parties had not noticed at the time, however, that the river not far enough to the north, so that such a line could not hit the river. The new treaty created as the abnormal Northwest Angle, a small portion of the U.S. state of Minnesota, which is the only part of the United States with the exception of Alaska, which lies north of the 49th parallel.
  • Article III governed the joint control of the country in the Oregon Country for ten years. Both sides could claim land and move freely in the area.
  • Article IV confirmed the Anglo - American Convention of 1815, which regulated the trade between the two countries, for another ten years.
  • Article V was referring to differences over a claim of the United States in the interpretation of the Treaty of Ghent, which had ended the war of 1812. The Treaty of Ghent had specified that slaves who were present during the signing of the treaty in British territory or naval vessels, are passed. The United States submitted the determination of so that these slaves owned by U.S. citizens were and demanded restitution or compensation. The Treaty of 1818 regulated that these slaves are passed to a friendly sovereign or State to be designated for this purpose.
  • Article VI established that ratification would take place within six months after signing the contract.

History

At the treaty negotiations took on the U.S. side, Albert Gallatin, U.S. Ambassador to France and Richard Rush, U.S. ambassador in London and on the British side Frederick John Robinson, Treasurer of the Royal Navy and Henry Goulburn, an undersecretary. The contract was signed on 20 October 1818 and the ratification notes were exchanged on 30 January 1819. The Treaty of 1818 was thus along with the Rush - Bagot Treaty of 1817 the beginning of friendly relations between the United Kingdom and its former colonies in North America and paved the way for the future good neighborly relations between the U.S. and Canada.

Despite the relatively friendly properties of the agreement resulted in the next two decades violent power struggles for control of the Oregon Country. The standing British- owned Hudson 's Bay Company had previously established a trading network that its center at Fort Vancouver on the lower Columbia River had ( other forts were there, what the Eastern Washington and Idaho is today ), both on the Oregon coast and in Puget Sound, led a crude campaign to limit the penetration of American fur traders in the area. During the 1830s, as in the United States, the political pressure to an annexation of the region grew, the Company undertook an attempt to animals whose skins were needed to eradicate the Oregon Country, in order both to maximize their own profits and on the other hand, the to delay arrival of American hunters and settlers. This policy of deterrence by settlers, however, was undermined to some extent by John McLoughlin, who greeted the arriving regularly on the Oregon Trail immigrants and provided them with assistance. McLoughlin was representative of the Hudson 's Bay Company at Fort Vancouver.

In the mid- 1840s led the wave of immigration, as well as the political movement that established the claim to the entire territory and became the Oregon boundary dispute, to a renegotiation of the agreement. The compromise put Oregon in 1846 the 49th parallel as the border between the two final states to the Pacific firmly.

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