Treveri

The Treverians (Latin Treverii, Gallo Treviri, Treveri ) were a tribe of Celts in Northeast Gaul with contacts to the right of the Rhine. According to Tacitus brought the Treverians with particular ambition claim to be of Germanic origin and to distance itself from the limp Gauls.

The tribal area extended, according to De bello Gallico of Gaius Julius Caesar, from the Rhine to the country of the Remi. The western boundary was the River Meuse. Eburons and Condruser whose areas north of Treverergebietes were ( in today's Eifel and Ardennes ) were clientes of Treverians. Caesar mentions in his work no fixed place ( oppidum ) and the main town of Treverians. Treverorum Augusta (city of Augustus in the land of Treverians, today's Trier), first climbed in provincial Roman period to the capital of the Treverians.

Origin of the name

The popular name of the Treverians comes after Cuno of tre ( reinforcing particles ) and vero, the kymrische Gwyr ( strong, proficient ).

Xavier Delamarre quoted Rudolf Thurneysen who has proposed the Celtic Tre- uer -o- after trevuero, with the components of TRE- < * trei - " through " (compare Latin trans) and ver -o " to go over a river, drive " reconstruction. The name Treverians hot in reality " the traveling people " because this strain had cross the Moselle. It may be the existence of the ford Goddess Ritona and the chapel for Uorioni deo explain. The same root word was also in the old Irish treóir (< TRE u̯ori ) "control by a ford ", " place where the river is crossed ."

The Language element ver / var is Indo- Germanic and possibly meant " river " or "river " (compare Sanskrit var " water" or Old Norse vari ). This word is often used in France in the river names like le Var, la la Vire or Vière and as part of Louviers, coalfield, skin Laviers and Verviers. The city Horbourg- Wihr in Alsace is a former Argento - varia.

Early Celtic way of life

According to modern knowledge, the history of the Celts goes back to at least the 6th century BC. The Treverians built their houses made of mud and wattle based on a wooden structure. These houses had a shelf life of maybe one or two generations.

The Treverians settled in farmsteads and small settlements. Other offices held in the late La Tène numerous fortified hilltop settlements - probably Hofgemeinschaften the upper class - and five oppida: the Martberg the Lower Moselle, Walldorf in Sauer, Otzenhausen in the Hunsrück, Kastel in the Saar and the title mountain in Luxembourg. The later capital of the tribe - Augusta Treverorum, today's Trier - seems to have received its meaning only with establishment of the Roman provinces in Northeast Gaul by archaeological evidence. Simultaneously with the rise of Trier was accompanied by a significant loss of importance of the other oppida whose blooms ended around the time of Christ.

Caesar raises the cavalry of Treverians bello Gallico in De particularly prominent.

Culture and economy

The Treverians knew three social classes: nobles, the common people and the Ambacten ( slaves ). There was money economy and the division of labor and crafts. The fortified cities, particularly the so-called oppida were significant as craft and commercial centers of the late La Tène period. Inter-regional trade, even with the Mediterranean and has been proven by finds.

The pre-Roman Celtic population of Rheinhessen belonged according to recent research also among the Treviri. This is referred to as Aresaken and is considered a part of a tribe or ethnic group within the Great tribe, which was organized in the form of Pagus. Center of this settlement area of Treverians was probably the oppidum on the Thunder Mountain in the northern Palatinate mountains.

Religion

The Treverians were originally polytheists and probably had a similar belief as the other Celtic tribes. After the Roman conquest of many of their deities were equated or linked to the Roman gods. One of the most revered deities in Treverian area include the tribal god Mars Lenus and Ancamna, Mercurius and Rosmerta, Jupiter Optimus Maximus, Apollo ( Grannus ) and Sirona, Intarabus and Minerva. Deities are attested only in the Treviri, include Intarabus, Inciona, Veraudunus, Ritona and Xulsigiae.

From the Roman period are three important pagan shrines in the vicinity of Trier known: The temple district in Altbachtal, the nearby sanctuary on Herrenbrünnchen and the important Lenus Mars sanctuary on the left bank of the Moselle.

Another important temple district is located on the Martberg in Pomerania. This was only in Roman times, as most temples, since this type of religious practice has mainly been taken by the Romans.

There are also known landscape -related deities, such as Ardbinna, which probably represents the Ardennes and is attested in Gey on an inscription.

Chronology

Around 1200 BC - the urn field culture spreads throughout the Eifel -Mosel- region;
From about 750 BC to mid 1st century BC - Iron Age, characterized by the urn field culture Laufelder culture or Laufelder group in the Hunsrück-Eifel area;
2nd half of the 6th century BC to the mid / late 4th century BC - Hunsrück- Eifel culture, first v. with increasing assimilation of the Hallstatt culture, from the 5th century BC a " stronghold " of Frühlatènekultur with a pronounced ceremonial grave custom ( car grave of Bell) and Südkontakten;
Late 3rd-2nd century BC - Continuity of the population is detected despite simultaneous Celtic finds from walks through cemeteries and height fasteners;
2nd half of the 2nd century BC to the 2nd half of the 1st century BC - with Treverian oppida ( cities), eg Martberg, Otzenhausen, Kastel, Walldorf Title mountain and fortified chief courts, differentiated crafts, Münzwirtschaft and innerkeltischem trading experience Treverians how the entire Celtic culture, a flower;
58 BC -51 BC - Gallic War, Caesar and subjugation by the beginning of Romanization, first mention of Treverians as a regular in the first book of Caesar's De bello Gallico
Report Treverische Messenger Caesar that 100 districts of the right bank, German tribe of the Suevi want to cross the Rhine - 58 BC;
54 BC - participation in the revolt of Eburonenkönigs Ambiorix;
53 BC - The Trevererfürst or king Indutiomarus takes a winter camp at Caesars and is killed, Titus Labienus subjecting the tribe, the son of Indutiomarus, the romfreundliche Cingetorix, takes control;
52 BC - Battle of Treverians against the Suevi;
51 BC - Titus Labienus with riders meeting of Treverian associations;
30/29 BC - Trevereraufstand against the Romans; crushed by Marcus Nonius Gallus;
16 BC - Founding of Augusta Treverorum under Emperor Augustus;
21 AD - a failed uprising against the Romans;
68-70 AD - failed uprising against the Romans under Julius Classicus ( Bataveraufstand ).

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