Tuna (music)

Tunas are associations of students in Spain and various Latin American countries. In Portugal, the term exists as Tuna Tuna Estudantil (also Estudantina or Tuna Académica ), or simply as Tuna, which then also can designate another by clubs organized band.

The members of the student Tunas, the Tunos wear on festive occasions traditional, largely black clothes and bring, accompanied on guitar and Bandola, songs dar.

Occurrence

Tunas are mainly of Spanish and Portuguese universities before, but also in parts of South America. There they call themselves partly Estudiantinas (Spanish ) or Estudantinas (Portuguese ). Meanwhile, the tradition is also occasionally cultivated in other countries, since the sixties in the Netherlands Tunas emerged, for example, by Iberian model.

Tunas are usually tied to a specific faculty of the University, more rarely, to a university as a whole.

Clothing of the Spanish Tunas

For traditional clothes include the cap, the Jubón, the Beca, a white shirt, wide trousers, knee high stockings and shoes:

• The Jubón is a black cloak. Both the collar and the sleeves are very wide cut. This form of the shell is documented for the first time in 1377 and is generally worn in the 16th century. Under the Jubón you wearing a white shirt.
• The Beca is a colored cloth that is beaten by both shoulders forward over the chest. It is decorated in the colors of the university and the faculty ( common colors are yellow for example, medicine, blue for science and red for Jura) and shows a corresponding crest. The Beca indicated originally that was enrolled in a university and a student was supported by this ( beca called in German scholarship). The Beca is awarded a Tunø as soon as the members of the Tuna a new member are worthy to represent the Tuna. As an exception to the rule, the Tuna of the Colegio San Xerome from Santiago de Compostela bears no Beca (as opposed to the Colegio Fonseca and San Clemente in Santiago), but a Compostela cross on the chest, because the students of this university received a scholarship.
• The pants are cut wide Tunas. During the 16th and 17th century still long trousers were common, only shortened pants will now worn, closely converge at the bottom.
• Traditionally, tights or leg long stockings were worn, but now knee- high stockings have prevailed.
• On his cap emblem of the cities or countries are embroidered, who has visited the Tunø. In addition, colorful ribbons attached that gets awarded the Tunø of women as a sign of affection.

Clothing of the Portuguese Tunas

The traditional dress is determined by " Capa e Batina ", literally " cloak and cassock ." Due to the religious origins of the education, the traditional garments from the priestly robe derive that found its present form under the steady bourgeois influences.

Basically, the student dress of a white shirt, a black tie, a black vest and a heavy black cloak that reaches to the bottom and can be attached to the different patches and bands of faculties and travel. The rites this fill books. At the end of the study, these garments are torn ritual, now often only symbolic.

Among the Capas students wear everyday trousers and shoes that should be however kept as simple and decent.

Music

The Tunos accompany their singing with guitars and Bandurrias (a form of Bandola ). In Portugal ( for example, the Azeituna from Braga) a Bandolim called mandolin is used instead of the commonly bandurria. For the rhythmic accompaniment of a tambourine used. In addition to these for the Tunas typical instruments, other instruments can be used.

History

The Tunas look back on a history that dates back to the 8th century. Even Alfonso X of Castile already mentioned Tunas and described it as "charlatans ".

Originally, the students who could barely earn their livelihood because of their poverty solicited, in restaurants food and a little money. In essence, the remnants of them were granted, which remained from the menu of the day, often just simple water soup. In return, they then sang familiar songs. They were then as Sopistas (of span / port.sopa. Soup ) because they lived in appearance only of simple soup.

In the 16th century, the physical needs of the students improved. Thus, the song was used less in return for alms, but increasing their efforts to woo the favor of young ladies. In the archives of the Catalan University of Lleida (Spain ) is a prohibition stated in the night to turn singing rounds, with the threat to confiscate the instruments. Under the regency of Maria Christina is the middle of the 19th century, the club admitted formation, so that the Tunas today embossing formed.

Tunas in Spain today

The Tunas have retained many traditions. With their clothes they create for appearances, they can be seen widely. Also features such as sociability, spontaneity and adventure are characteristic of the Tunos since time immemorial. Wherever they get there they are with their entertaining performances welcome. These days it looks as cheerful as that sad songs you auditioning in the pubs, in order to satisfy the desires of the audience. A good Tunø thus deserves everyone's tip.

The Ronda are the pubs or house tours where each appearances of Tuna are exclusively for women to see. These guided tours of the local businesses have a very long tradition in the Spanish Tunas. Previously they met at a pub to drink to have enough courage to sing a beautiful ballad later under the window of his beloved and accompanied by a Tuna of the beloved.

" Los Viajes " These are the voyages of the Tuna. Tunos love to travel and meet new cities. Often trips are organized in conjunction with Certámenes. In choice sites often leads to Ronda because the Tunø should earn his bed for the night. Most of the audience react in tourist towns very positively to the unknown group. One can say that Viajes constitute a highpoint of Tunalebens. A Tunø has at least make a trip and although the apprentice travel.

" Certámenes " is the Spanish word for competitions. However, the Certámenes for Tunas are not typical competitions. In the foreground is always the joy of music. Often, prices as " happiest Tuna " or " Best newcomer" will be awarded. This make of the competitions rather a nice music weekend with a lot more trunk than urge. A Certamen also offers the possibility of good contacts with other Tunas to socialize, for example, to learn new songs or just exchange travel tips.

Tunas in Portugal today

The Tunas also preserve their traditions with zeal. Thus, the external aspects of the student tradition in Portugal are determined by three terms: the praxe ( " custom ", especially the rites of passage for freshmen ), the traje ( " costume ", essentially " Capa e Batina ") and the Tuna. For this, the Semana Académica, better known as Queima comes the Fitas ( the move and folk festival on the accounts with the ritual " burning the tapes ," which will show at the Capa each faculty affiliation ). There are also a number of all-female Tunas in Portugal.

The term " Estudante " means, in Portugal not only explicitly university students; the students of each university are traditional " Estudantes " ( colleges, technical colleges, etc.). In addition to corresponding removals occasions especially the concerts and festivals in the Tunas are popular.