Tychonic system

As Tychonisches world system or Tychonisches world model (also - world image - planet model) is a named after Tycho Brahe model of our solar system referred to, which was then equated with the concept of the universe. The later acting as imperial court mathematician in Prague Dane, described this model for the first time in 1588 in his De Mundi Aetherei ... as a compromise between the " Peripatetics ", that is, teachers of physics of Aristotle, together with the astronomy of Ptolemy, and the heliocentrism, represented by Nicholas Copernicus.

Description

Tycho Brahe's model is a geocentric system, but the other planets around the sun runs, and is therefore also called geo - heliocentric. Moon and sun revolve around the Earth, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn, however, to the moving sun. It is thus between the systems of Ptolemy and Copernicus, and avoids the time to bold step to assign the earth movement, as it did, for example, Galileo Galilei. Nevertheless, the planet loops are conclusively explained, as are all new, discovered with the telescope phenomena such as phases of Venus and variable size of the planet wheels.

Similar Models

An almost identical planetary model was made by Nicolaus Reimers (Ursus ), which came with Brahe, his successor as court mathematician about it in a priority dispute. After Reimers details, he designed his model in 1585 after a visit to Tycho Brahe Hven. In the following year he had presented it in Kassel, which Brahe had learned. Reimers ' publication Fundamentum Astronomicum ( 1588) was about the same time.

Difference: whereas Brahe earth no movement trusts ( clearly narrated in letters to Christoph Rothmann ), it rotates at Reimers to yourself what " abolish " the daily movement of the entire cosmos and an idea of a very large, if not infinite, fixed stars as Thomas Digges permits.

Paul Wittich Also, the geo - heliocentric world view represented, possibly inspired by the work Primae de coelo et terra Institutiones. (Venice 1573) by Valentin Naibod. There will revolve around the sun named after Martianus Capella system, in which "already" Mercury and Venus. Athanasius Kircher calls this model the Egyptian.

Already Copernicus himself wrote in De revolutionibus orbium Coelestium:

" ... That's why I by no means seems unbeachtenswerth what Martianus Capella, who wrote an encyclopedia, and some other Latins knew very well. He believes namely, that Venus and Mercury revolve around the sun as its center, and therefore of her can not go away, as it allow the circles of their orbits, because they do not orbit the earth like the others, but have variable - recurring intervals. What does this mean Other than that the same around the sun, than to the center of their orbits, circling? So would because, in fact, the web 's Mercury from that of Venus, which, enclosed is more than twice as large, and would find in the expansion of her sufficient site. Taking thereof opportunity and refers Saturn, Jupiter and Mars on the same center, while summarizes the major expansion of its railways in the eye, which contains with Those the earth lying therein and surrounds: so there is the declaration of the regular order of their movements do not miss ... "

Further described Helisäus Roeslin 1597 and Simon Marius 1609/10 also a geoheliozentrisches system. The latter inspired by his ( with Galileo simultaneous ) discovery of Jupiter's moons. He wrote about it in 1614 in his work Mundus iovialis.

India

In India, a similar model of Nilakantha Somayaji was developed around 1500.

Importance in the 17th century

For several decades the Tychonische model by many scientists became public favors - whether from inner conviction is not safe lockable. Known representatives of the Scheme or similar variants were the Jesuit Kircher, Christoph Clavius ​​, Giovanni Riccioli, whose colleague Francesco Maria Grimaldi and various university professors in northern Italy.

Riccioli treated Tychonische the planet model in detail in his 1651 published "New Almagest " in which he took over the Galilean law of falling bodies, among other things, but they made ​​use of experimentally as evidence against the theory of a moving earth. In the Astronomia reformata of 1665 Riccioli recognized the ellipse as a mathematical model for the description of the planetary orbits.

Arguments for the heliocentric

Johannes Kepler, Tycho Brahe's assistant in Prague, was the Tychonische system for a fiction, which increased the suspicion on his presumptive successor held.

Kepler described the difference to his system in his Harmonice mundi as: " ... as if one who describes a circle on a paper, the pen of the circle moved around, another but { Tycho Brahe }, of the paper or board on a turntable fixed, the pen or stylus of the circle and holding the same circle describes on the rotating table. "

Isaac Newton's Principia and his theory of gravitation in 1687 and appeared in the 18th century, the mass dependence of the movements has been increasingly recognized, in England were dominant even before the Copernican Newton in the Royal Society. Robert Hooke, who quarreled with Newton to the priority of the law of gravitation, showed understanding for the Geozentriker and looked in the annual stellar parallax that Experimentum crucis to decide between the systems and believed to have done so.

The generally accepted evidence for heliocentrism were long in coming. James Bradley discovered in 1728 in an attempt to measure a parallax of the " fixed stars " that the position of each star in the course of the year varies and Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel succeeded in 1838, including the long sought since antiquity "King of proof ."

Only the pendulum of Jean Bernard Léon Foucault 1851, the last doubters convinced.