University of Bologna
Template: Infobox university / professors missing
The University of Bologna (Italian: Since 2000, Università di Bologna - Alma Mater Studiorum, Università degli Studi di Bologna before; Latin Universitas bononiensis ) is a state university in Bologna and is the oldest university. The University of Bologna is also the third largest university in Italy, according to the Sapienza University of Rome and the University of Naples Federico II.
At the 23 faculties about 100,000 students are enrolled. Since 1989, the University operates in addition to its headquarters in Bologna and departments in Cesena, Forlì, Ravenna and Rimini, 1998, a branch office in Buenos Aires was established.
Famous professors of the university are, inter alia, Romano Prodi and Umberto Eco. Dante Alighieri and Francesco Petrarca also spent periods of study in Bologna.
History
Founding and law
The University of Bologna describes himself as perhaps the oldest university in the world - but their formation can not be accurately dated. The approximate founding period is at the end of the 11th century: at that time there is evidence of a kind of school of law in Bologna. The inaccuracy of the exact founding date is due to a gradual start-up process. In the 19th century a committee of historians dated headed by Giosuè Carducci, the emergence of the University on 1088. This was mainly due to Pepo, a famous Bolognese jurist, moored. However, there were at that time not yet the corporate structures that are now recognized in research as a specific feature of universities. Today it is about to be rather to locate the foundation of the University 1130-1140. All university founded at that time required a certificate of incorporation of the Pope or Emperor, the representatives of spiritual or secular rule. Only after the granting by papal and royal foundation charters were the universities start regular teaching and confer academic titles.
The University of Bologna was famous for law from the beginning. In the early Middle Ages, the late ancient sciences and Roman law were almost forgotten, and the ecclesiastical jurisprudence it was just passed. This was in part contradictory, and so the Bolognese master Gratian systematized the ecclesiastical texts in a single legal collection, the Decretum of Gratian. Through this work, awoke in Bologna interest in the scholarly secular law; the late antique Roman law has now been re-read and commented. Hence the school of law, which can be regarded as a forerunner of the University developed.
In the year 1158 the university of Frederick Barbarossa received a degree of autonomy by the so-called privilege Scholar ( authentica habita ). Among other things, the Dominus of the University was responsible for the protection of faculty and students, the University had its own jurisdiction (see also: Academic jurisdiction). This was to prevent the Commune of Bologna was able to take control of the university. After several clashes occurred in the mid-13th century to an agreement with the city.
The first detectable award of a doctoral degree was in 1219 in Bologna after confirmation of the order by Pope Honorius III PhD. instead.
Around 1350, the city also began to remunerates the professors. Before that she had been paid by the students. The students, who were organized into associations, also chose the Rector and certain parts of teaching. At the end of the 16th century, the university was a state institution under the direction of Cardinal envoy, who was appointed by the Pope. Napoleon made this change in 1800 to reverse. From now on the post of rector was occupied by a professor.
Other teaching areas
In the 14th century next to the jurisprudential school, another teaching area has been introduced: the Artes. Inspired by the antique music, mathematics, astronomy, rhetoric, grammar and dialectics were taught. Philosophy and medicine were also included. The latter was taken from 1219 by a papal bull in the teaching of Artes. 1569 the teaching of theology was recorded. 1826, the philological faculty was opened.
This subdivision in schools leads to the following problem: A University of Bologna, there was not in this sense. Rather, the students were organized in various universities:
1 The " universitates " the law students. The lawyers came together in two universities, one for Italian students and one for non-Italian to better represent the different specific interests of each group can (the latter was still further into individual nationes = Landsmannschaften divided ). . Both were mirror images organized, " as expressed in the statutes of 1317/47 Of particular importance is the type of establishment to: Was the study was about 100 years earlier justified by the magistri, the students organized now in initiatives that the self-determination of students should ( less dependence on the teacher ) and at the same time ensure the formation. , this new model of " universitates scolarium " should be found in all of Europe during the 13th century reflected. Moreover, also became the teaching repertoire renewed and the needs of Italy this time adapted: Especially in succession, family and inheritance law and contracting new (or old, the Roman law tradition springing ) concepts were necessary.
2 The " universitates " of the artists: the artists followed at the beginning of the 14th century, the example of lawyers and joined together in a private university, which was not further subdivided according to origin and students of rhetoric, medicine, physics, mathematics, ars notariae etc. united, which, like the two jur. Unis, was managed by its own rector.
The faculty organized itself as a result also in different colleges that aimed, in contrast to the student Conjurationes solely on technical purposes and less had a representation of its members in mind.
The 1899 published biographical index " German students at Bologna " by Gustav C. Knod has developed it in 1888 on behalf of the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences a directory for the period 1289-1562. Knod.
Long the natural sciences were represented by only a few professorships. As the noble patron Luigi Ferdinando Marsili (1658-1730) wanted to set up an observatory, a contract between him and the City of the Vatican to the formation of an Academy of Sciences, of the Istituto delle Scienze di Bologna was closed. For the Academy of Palazzo Poggi was purchased just outside the city center, where in 1726 also the observatory tower (La Specola ) was completed. The necessary funds for books, experiments, and the salaries of the professors took over the city of Bologna.
Faculties
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences
- Faculty of Architecture " Aldo Rossi "
- Faculty of Translation and Interpreting ( SSLMIT )
- Faculty of Education
- Faculty of Engineering
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry
- Faculty of Arts and Humanities
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences
- Faculty of Foreign Languages and Literature
- Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Natural Sciences
- Faculty of Medicine
- Faculty of restoration of cultural heritage
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Faculty of Political Science
- Faculty of Political Sciences " Roberto Ruffilli "
- Faculty of Psychology
- Faculty of Law
- Department of Statistics
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
- Faculty of Economics
Famous professors
- Marco Biagi (Employment)
- Renzo Canestrari ( Medicine, Clinical Psychology )
- Umberto Eco ( semiotics )
- Fiorenzo Facchini ( Anthropology )
- Thomas Frignano ( theology )
- Romano Prodi ( economics and industry policy)
Bologna Process
The agreement of the Ministerial Council of the European Union to harmonize European higher education is, Bologna process called because in the first half of 1999, Italy held the EU presidency and it was signed in Bologna. A direct link with the University does not exist.
First university in Europe
The University of Bologna is the first university in Europe and the fourth- oldest university in the world. Of the five oldest universities in the world that are still active, three are located in Arab countries:
1) University of al - Qarawiyin in Morocco, founded in 859,
2) Al -Azhar University in Egypt, founded in 972,
3) Al- Nizamiyya University in Iraq, established in 1065,
4) University of Bologna in Italy, founded in 1088,
5) Oxford University in England, founded in 1096.