Vaccaria

Kuhn Elke ( Vaccaria hispanica)

The Kuhn Elke ( Vaccaria hispanica), also Kuhkraut or seed -Kuhn Elke called, is the only species of the plant genus Vaccaria within the carnation family ( Caryophyllaceae ). It is of course common in temperate Eurasia and North and South America, South Africa and Australia, a neophyte.

  • 8.1 Literature
  • 8.2 Notes and references

Description

Appearance and leaf

The Kuhn Elke grows as a deciduous, annual herbaceous plant, reaching heights of growth of usually 20 to 70 (8 to 100) centimeters. It is made a stout taproot. That's above-ground vegetative plant parts are bald and blue-green. It is formed a taproot. The self upright, usually only at the top of dichotomously branched stem is bare and gray-green.

The leaves are arranged opposite constantly on the stem. The lowest leaves are short-stalked and the upper ones are sessile. The simple leaf blade is at a length of 2 to 10 cm and a width of 1.5 to 4 centimeters lanceolate to ovate or ovate - lanceolate with rounded to heart- shaped stems and comprehensive Spreitenbasis and pointed to blunt upper end. There is only one main nerve recognizable.

Inflorescence and flower

In terminal, erect, loose, richly branched, schirmrispigen inflorescences in the form of Asia you usually are 16 to 50 ( 10 to 100 ) flowers together; the inflorescences are up mostly flat. The paired against permanent bracts are leaf-like foliage and lanceolate with a green midrib. The upright flower stems are usually 10 to 30 ( 5 to 55 ) mm long.

The hermaphrodite flowers are mostly radial symmetry and fünfzählig double perianth. The five bare, at a length of 1 to 1.5 centimeters and a width of 5-10 millimeters narrow oval sepals, a, a length from 7.5 to 17 millimeters and a diameter from 1.5 to 9 millimeters cylindrical to urn- shaped or bulbous, whitish - green calyx tube adherent, it has five nerves. Each sepal is striking a sharp edge to keeled or has a more or less green, highest 1 millimeter wide wings with lace -like edge nerves; between the edges or wings the calyx tube is almost membranous. The calyx tube is much longer than the calyx teeth. The five green, einnervigen calyx teeth are ovate to broadly triangular with pointed or tapered upper ends at a length of 1.5 to 3 millimeters and green or reddish trockenhäutigen edges. After anthesis, the lower part of the calyx tube inflates. The five, free, 14 to 25 mm long and 2-3 mm wide petals are made up of one with a length of 8 to 14 mm relatively long greenish wedge-shaped nail and a pink to more or less red plate with a length of 3 to 8 mm upside - lanceolate to obovate or inverted - heart-shaped together with ausgebissenem to two-piece top. There is no Nebenkrone available. The ten fertile stamens do not protrude beyond the corolla. The shelter free stamens are fused with the petals. There are nectaries at the base of the stamens. Two carpels are fused to a constant above, unilocular ovary ( sometimes the carpels at the top of not fully grown ), which contains many ovules. The two thread-like stylus are 10 to 12 millimeters long and project beyond the corolla somewhat; they are bald at the top. On top of the pen is linear shaped the papillary (at 30 -fold magnification visible ) scar tissue.

Fruit and seeds

The fruit stalk is 0.5 to 1 mm long. The spherical inflated calyx enclosing the fruit. The elongated with a diameter 8-10 mm, ovate to almost spherical fruit capsule opens the exocarp with four upward to recurved teeth, the endocarp opens irregular. One capsule fruit contains about ten seeds. The seeds are flattened more or less spherical and laterally with a diameter of 1.6 to 2.5 millimeters. The red- brown to black seed coat is covered with fine, flat warts, but it has to contrast to some related genera no wings or appendages. The embryo is curved.

Chromosome set and ingredients

The basic chromosome number is x = 15; it is diploidy ago, so 2n = 30

The seeds and other plant parts contain saponins and are therefore toxic to humans, but much more for fish. Other bioactive constituents of Kuhn Elke, for example, phenols and cyclic peptides.

Phenology

The flowering period lasts about three months and ranges in Central Europe, depending on location from June to September, mostly from July to August. In China, the heyday of April and ends in July. In North America, Kuhn Elke blooms in spring and summer and in Australia from October to December.

In China, the fruits ripen from May to August.

Ecology

The Kuhn Elke is a Therophyt, it is winterannuel. Germination occurs in autumn and the seedling to survive the winter. The best result can be obtained in the dark seed and relatively low temperatures. It is made no permanent soil seed bank, this is the reason that stocks that were formed by spreading seeds are not stable. In summer drought in full sun wither the specimens and die.

Gynomonözie is indeed detected, but rarely occurs. Usually the flowers are hermaphroditic. The flowers are pollinated by butterflies, because only they can reach the nectar at the base of the flower tube, with their long trunks. More often, however, appear self-pollination. There is self- compatibility.

The diasporas are the seeds and there is wind propagation.

Occurrence and risk

The Kuhn Elke is naturally distributed in temperate Eurasia. The original distribution center of Kuhn Elke is located in the Mediterranean region with the Near East. The Kuhn Elke has been abducted with seeds in the world. In Europe there are only the subspecies Vaccaria hispanica subsp. hispanica. Natural Occurrence in Europe and the Mediterranean are found in Portugal, Spain ( including the Balearic Islands ), France ( including Corsica ), Italy ( including Sardinia and Sicily ), Malta, Ukraine (including Crimea), in Hungary, the former Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania, Albania, Greece ( including the islands of the eastern Aegean, Crete and neighboring islands ) Cyprus, European and Asian part of Turkey, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Egypt ( including Sinai ), Libya, Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria. In Germany you will find only the subspecies Vaccaria hispanica subsp. hispanica, which was indeed introduced in Germany as Ackerbeikraut, but is considered archaeophyte. In wheat fields, it thrives in the Chinese provinces: Anhui, Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Xinjiang, Xizang and Yunnan.

In North and South America, South Africa and Australia it is a neophyte. In Australia, you will find the Kuhn Elke in grain fields in the states of New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, Western Australia and South Australia. In North America, Kuhn Elke grows on fields and ruderal areas at altitudes 0-2400 m; Localities, there was in many states in Canada and the United States, but in some of these localities, the stocks have gone out. As Beikraut the Kuhn Elke grows in fields in Pakistan in Chitral, Swat, Hazara, Punjab and Baluchistan. In the British Isles there are always wild stocks in fields and ruderal areas that develop as a garden refugees or entrained seed and bird food.

They settled in the climatically favored areas of Central Europe cereal or clover fields, however - apart from the eastern federal states in Austria - usually unstable. For several years, the series Kuhn Elke sometimes encounter in grass-clover mixed seeds alternatively forming economic farms, provided that their seeds imported from southern Europe. In Switzerland, it thrives in grain fields and dumps in warm regions in the colline to montane levels.

The Kuhn Elke thrives in Central Europe on summer warm, dry, calcareous or at least calcareous, loamy or clayey, friable and therefore often stony soils, which should be rich in nutrients and may be moderately rich in nitrogen.

The indicator values ​​according to Ellenberg are: Light: 7 = half-light plant, temperature: 6 = Moderate heat pointer to heat pointer Kontinentalitätszahl: 7 = subcontinental to continental, moisture: 2 = Starktrocknis - up Trockniszeiger, reaction: 9 = bases and Kalkzeiger, nitrogen: 3 = frequently nitrogen- poor soil, salt number: 0 = not ertragend salt, humidity change: no change of moisture showing heavy metal resistance: not resistant to heavy metal. The pointer values ​​for the civilization influence on the location after Kunick in 1974 and Frank & Klotz 1988: human influence ( hemeroby ): 5 (alpha- euhemerobic = strong human influence) and binding to cities ( urban ) is urbanophob (only outside cities ). It comes in the phytosociological society Caucalion before = cereal weeds companies. The main deposits are located in the formation " fields and short-lived weeds corridors ". The Kuhn Elke is Kennart the Association Caucalidion lappulae Tx., 1950.

The Kuhn Elke is central europe far endangered and assessed in the Red List of fellows plant species in Germany, Austria and Switzerland as threatened with extinction. Since this species is threatened in Germany at all localities of extinction, there are in German Botanical Gardens Conservation cultures and reintroduction attempts.

System

The first publication was in 1768 under the name ( basionym ) Saponaria hispanica by Philip Miller in The Gardeners Dictionary: ..., 8th edition, Saponaria number 4 in errata. The type material comes from a cultured in Chelsea Garden copy. The genus Vaccaria was erected in 1776 by ​​Nathanael Matthaeus von Wolf in Genera Plantarum vocabulis characteristicis definita, 3. A homonyms of Vaccaria Wolf is Vaccaria Medik. (published in Philosophical Botany, Volume 1, 1789, p 96). The new combination to Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert was published in 1966 Stephan Rauschert Feddes Repertorium, Volume 73, Issue 1, p 52. Other synonyms for Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert are: Vaccaria pyramidata Medik, Vaccaria parviflora Moench, Saponaria vaccaria L., Saponaria segetalis Neck, Vaccaria segetalis Garcke nom. .. illeg. , Vaccaria segetalis Asch. nom. illeg. , Gypsophila vaccaria (L.) Sm, Vaccaria brachycalyx Pau, Vaccaria grandiflora ( Ser. ) Jaub. & Spach, Vaccaria grandiflora Jaub. & Spach, Vaccaria perfoliata Gilib. , Vaccaria perfoliata Halácsy nom. illeg. , Vaccaria vulgaris host Vaccaria hispanica subsp. grandiflora ( Ser. ) Holub, Vaccaria pyramidata subsp. grandiflora ( Ser. ) Hayek, Vaccaria pyramidata subsp. parviflora Hayek, Saponaria vaccaria var grandiflora Ser. , Vaccaria pyramidata var grandiflora Ser.

The genus name is from the Latin word vacca Vaccaria for cow and derived from aria - for concerning, as it was supposedly a good feed. The specific epithet hispanica refers to the country of origin of the type material Spain.

For some authors, a number of species of up to four is called. But in the newer sources Vaccaria is considered monotypic genus, containing only the type Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert. If only one type is present, then it is divided into several subspecies, otherwise this subspecies have the rank of a kind

From the way Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert there are three subspecies:

  • Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert subsp. hispanica
  • Vaccaria hispanica subsp. liniflora (. Boiss. & Hausskn ) Greuter & Burdet ( Syn: .. Saponaria liniflora Boiss & Hausskn, Vaccaria liniflora ( Boiss. & Hausskn ) Bornm. . ): It occurs only in Asia Minor.
  • Vaccaria hispanica subsp. oxyodonta ( Boiss. ) Greuter & Burdet ( Syn: Vaccaria oxyodonta Boiss, Saponaria oxyodonta ( Boiss. ) Boiss.. ): It occurs only in Asia Minor.

Vaccaria hispanica is the only species of the plant genus Vaccaria from the tribe Caryophylleae in the subfamily within the family Caryophyllaceae Silenoideae. Some authors in Vaccaria in the genus Saponaria.

Use

The leaves are used as Würzkraut. The seeds are used in grinding food. Rich in starch. They contain 13.8 to 16.1 % protein and 1.6 to 3.2 % fats - per 100 g or about 15 g of protein and about 2.5 g fats. The seeds contain saponins and are therefore somewhat toxic to humans.

The seeds are used in traditional Chinese medicine. The Saatdroge has the name Semen vaccariae. Pharmacological studies revealed a variety of medicinal effects. Bioactive Ingredients of Kuhn Elke, for example, phenols, cyclic peptides, and saponins. It is grown for the production of its triterpenoid saponins and can be harvested 90 to 100 days after sowing.

The Kuhn Elke has been used since 1548 as an ornamental plant.

Trivial names

There are many common names in different languages:

  • English Language: Cowcockle, Cowherb, Cow Soap word, Herb Cow, Cow Cockle, bladder soapwort, Field Vaccaria
  • Arabic Language: فول العرب
  • Chinese Language:王 不 留 行(本草纲目) ,环 留 行,麦 蓝 子,麦 蓝 子(河南,陕西)麦 蓝 菜mai lan cai
  • Finnish language: Toukokukka
  • French Language: Saponaire of vache, Vaccaire d' Espagne
  • Italian Language: Cetino dei campi

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