Valency (linguistics)
The technical term valence (valence ) means in linguistics (linguistics) the property of a word, " to bind themselves " other words, additions to " call " or "space to open and regulate the occupation of this space".
In the foreground is the valence of the verb ( Verbvalenz ). However, a valence not only verbs, but also other parts of speech such as nouns ( Substantivvalenz ), adjectives ( Adjektivvalenz ) and prepositions.
- 2.2.1 Potential and realized valence as an alternative
General valence theory and its terminology
The term valence is borrowed from chemistry terminus ( valence ). The introduction to linguistics is usually attributed to Tesnière.
Are used as synonyms ( in part ):
- Combinability;
- Transitivity ( in traditional grammar );
- Selection;
- Subcategorization.
The word that has the property of valence ( valency ), is also called rain. The dependent of his linguistic elements Dependentien.
The linguistic expression that complements the valency, saturating, ruled by him and is determined is also supplement (or complement) called, which is distinguished from the mere additional disclosure.
We distinguish quantitative and qualitative valence and says so on the one hand the number of required / allowed gaps and secondly the type of supplement.
The number of digits is part of the semantic meaning of a word. The nature of the vacancy occupation belongs to the syntactic characterization of a word. The arguments and the categories that realize these arguments are syntactically to capture the lexical entry and can, for example, are represented in a Rektionsmodell. Both characterizes a word and is called its valency or argument structure.
The reigning word usually determined not only the number and type of supplement, but also its grammatical properties ( Directorate ).
The valence of the verb ( Verbvalenz )
The structure of a sentence is determined by the verb, or more precisely by the predicate. What is sentence parts demands a verb depending on the valency of the verb. This describes the " valence " the potential of the verb, the legitimization of specific supplements and define their shape.
The focus of the valence is the valence of the verb. The Verbvalenz is made the starting point of the dependency grammar. So-called Valenzwörterbücher list verbs with their respective valence.
From the semantic meaning of a verb its valence depends on (or vice versa). At the same time depends on the valence of the verb crucially on the syntax of the sentence. Comparing the number and type of valence for all verbs, there are a limited number of set construction plans. In addition to the syntactic valence of a verb is also spoken of the semantic valency of a verb, also known collectively as of syntactic- semantic [r ] valence
With semantic valence and the semantic compatibility of words in context (also referred to: Compatibility ). ( Example of a deliberate infringement against: * Cats would buy Whiskas. )
Valency does not always have to be alone a verb. Also composite predicates can valency (example: New coach brings the national team for the World Cup on their toes valency = .. brings ... on their toes. ) .. Modal, modality and auxiliary verbs can, however, be no valency. (Example: Kahn must remain at home = predicate must remain valency = ⇒ remain Kahn stays at home. .. ).
From the viewpoint of their valence verbs are divided differently:
One to n-ary verbs
Survey
According to the number of vacancies of a verb distinction is
- Zero-valent ( avalente ) verbs
Example:
snowing. It's raining. - The verb here is indeed a grammatical subject, but this is not an argument dar. It is a so-called certificate subject.
- Example:
running.
- Example: love
- Example: give
. - Put the verb takes the subject, an accusative complement and a dative complement; it is trivalent.
- Example:
writes
Variability in the arity (valence ) of a verb
Depending on the context and meaning of the verb may be different its arity.
- Example 1 ( write):
( 1)
writes - ( 2)
writes - ( 3)
writes (.. is divalent ); - ( 4)
writes. (.. Is univalent ).
- ( 1) congratulate
( bivalent) - ( 2) congratulate
( trivalent)
- ( 1) reply. ( single-valued );
- ( 2) answer
. ( bivalent) - ( 3) answer
. ( trivalent) - ( 4) answer
, like. ( tetravalent )
Verbs with necessary ( mandatory ) and free ( optional ) Supplement
A distinction is made between verbs with necessary and with a free supplement. This distinction will be considered for the German problematic. In some cases a strict dichotomy by the division into three (1) is mandatory additions, (2) contextually optional complements and (3) avoided optional additions.
See also the example above, Ernst writes ( his mother ( a letter ( about his lack of money ))).
Mandatory supplements are necessary so that a sentence is grammatically optional additions can be omitted, but are nevertheless regarded as a specific construction of the verb. With the optional additions, a distinction is 2 types: context-dependent, which can be omitted, because the context is clear or unlimited additions, such as " She smokes ( a cigarette ) ". There are also information such as time, location information etc., that are completely free compatible and do not need to depend on the verb.
Potential and realized valence as an alternative
In the " Metzler Lexikon Sprache " is proposed instead of between a potential and a realized valence to distinguish. The potential valence then indicates how many supplements can depend on a verb; this contrasts with the concrete realized valence.