Verb

Verb (from the Latin verb ( temporal ) verb ) is a specialized linguistic expression of traditional grammar for a part of speech that expresses an action, an event or a state, and matches words such as walking, thinking, sailing and hiking. In many, but not all, languages are verbs characterized in that they can be infinitely finite or, ie that they form as a finite verbs word forms (flexion ) for tenses and forms for staff. The verbal aspect or the type of action to describe the time course of a verbal action; this distinction is a durative or imperfective and perfective aspect or a punctual. The aspect describes the attitude of the speaker to the temporal structure of actions or events.

The verb is (in its function as a predicate ) is typically the center of the set, from the then depend supplements; as such, it is typically marked for diathesis, ie for variation in the realization of arguments and additions. Through the speech situation of deixis, the reference results on people, places and times in context, with the help of deictic or indexical expressions such as I, you, here, here, tomorrow, today ... then the tenses or time steps of the verbs ie present, past and future determine. Added to this contextuality enters the subjective perspective of the speaker, which determines the mode of the verb.

Verbs are inflected according to person and Numerusformen. They have an outstanding role in the generation of syntagmatic relations at the sentence level, so the relationship between the subject and the finite verb form you inflectional paradigms that reflect a differentiation according to the categorizations tense and mood. Therefore finite verb forms carry character combinations for the person verbi to the genus, to Verbnumerus, the tense and mood with it. Tense and mood are flexionsklassenabhängig and are characterized by different stem forms.

Thus the vowel change with the Tempusaffix "th " or at an alternative segmentation with " t". The verbs are marked by personal suffix or Numerussuffixe.

6.3.1 state, task and action verbs
6.3.2 after the action: perfektives verb | verb imperfektives

Definition and main properties

In the grammar of the German the verb is defined as a variable ( flektierbare ) Part of speech which is an activity, a process or a state. In the school grammar used is therefore of verb, verb or Tunwort and divides verbs (among others) in Tätigkeits-/Handlungsverben ( cry, criticize, painting ), process verbs ( grow, fall ) and state verbs ( be, live, stay ) a. This content can determine so far can be criticized as well as nouns activities, processes and states designate (Examples: " preparation ", " event ", " arrival ").

As a differentiating feature is also emphasized that the verb " the only conjugable part of speech " is. The grammatical features, through the " conjugation " is defined in this context are especially tense, mood and personnel forms (ie, person and number ) or infinitive (as well as in some languages in addition, aspect ) ".

Verbs typically serve as the predicate of a sentence, the verb then hang supplements such as subject and object. This property of verbs can be attributed to their respective word meaning, the meaning of the verb can so far be represented in the notation of predicate logic, eg:

( 1) Peter goes = GO (Peter ) = G ( p)
( 2) The cat caught the mouse = START ( the cat, mouse ) = F (k, m)

This logical structure maps to the grammatical property of Verbvalenz.

Etymology

The term verb is a learned borrowing from Latin verbum of the 16th century. Synonym is therefore still verb used.

As a translation of verb is usually simply given word. Both words have the same Indo-European root. More importantly, the Latin word verbum was for the Greek word rhema related that generally means speech, word, phrase, specific but is also regarded as the Greek word for " testimony " - " indicates that as a indispensable the verb looked for a statement. "

Universalsprachlichkeit of the verb?

The Universalsprachlichkeit the speech verb is judged differently. The noun -verb distinction ( distinction between thing words and action words ) is across languages regarded as basic grammatical distinction.

Verb inflection and verbal categories

Especially with inflected languages , we distinguish between conjugation, ie the inflection of verbs of the declination or nominal inflection.

A distinction is made between the verb and the verb form. In the verbs, a distinction between the finite verb forms ( inflected (conjugated ) verb form; ( verb ) finite verb ) and the infinite verb forms ( uninflected verb form; ( verb ) Infinitum = infinitive, participle and past participle ).

In recent years, computer programs have been developed for various languages that can generate all verb forms. For German can be found in "Fundamentals of generation German verb forms with the computer" when details and an appropriate program.

Verbal Categories

In languages that modify verbs morphologically, so they bend, for example, or to conjugate each verb forms can be classified according to certain categories, with different grammar schools use different paradigms. The main categories are:

Action: The action type refers to the objective relationship of the event in terms of its temporal profile, including ingressive, Inchoativ, durative, iterative, Frequentativ, tripod, Momentativ, egressive and conative.
Aspect: The verbal aspect is not always distinguished clearly from the action type. However, in contrast to this, he called the subjective approach of the event according to the basic categories perfective ( as completed imaginary event) and imperfective (as not completed imaginary event). Moreover, there are complex aspects such as the perfektische aspect, which denotes a resulting from a completed event condition.
Diathesis: The diathesis of a verb (also called genus verbi ) denotes the ratio of the verb to the Hauptaktanten. Various systems occur. The most common system ( in accusative languages ) knows the categories of active, passive and medium or reflexive. In addition, there are languages with an ergative or active system and mixing systems.
Genus: (not to be confused with verbi genus, see diathesis). Inasmuch expressed in verb forms congruence to one or more Hauptaktanten, can be expressed as the gender (or class membership ) of these actants on the verb. The genus is thus well as the number and the person has no actual verbal category.
Mode: The mode brings the logical modality or the personal attitude of the speaker to the reality or realization of an event expression. These include the categories of reality ( indicative ), the possibility ( potentialis ), or the need of the ought ( Nezessitativ, Debitiv ), the wish ( optative ), the prompt or the command ( Kohortativ, imperative, jussive ), of doubting ( Dubitativ ), the condition ( conditionalis ), unreality ( subjunctive ), distancing (eg mode relativus ) and some others. The mode can also grammatically necessary ( for example, subjunctive ).
Number: The number in the verb is a secondary category that results from the congruence with actants: for example, singular, dual and plural.
Person: The person is a category which, although in many languages is mainly found in the verb, but ultimately based on the congruence to one or more Hauptaktanten. These actants are sorted by their relation to speech 1 person ( speaker ), second person ( addressee ) or 3rd person ( uninvolved speaking subject ). In the majority of 1st and 2nd person there can be distinctions, whether multiple speakers and addressees are meant or only one speaker or addressee and an imaginary as belonging group, especially in the first person plural, if the addressee included are ( included) or not ( exclusively ). Further distinctions can be made with respect to the social relationship between people ( politeness ), and in most languages not it a standard verb forms exist, but, for example, plural for singular or third person is used for 2nd person.
Directorate: The Directorate of a verb describes how a verb is included in the set. Each verb has a certain pattern of actants that occur mandatory or optional in a grammatically complete sentence with this verb. The Directorate shall determine the process which actants occur, what role they play in the sentence (eg subject, direct object, indirect object ) and in which case or prepositional phrase which they stand. Verbs with no actants are also called impersonal, intransitive verbs with a ( subject ) actants and those with two actants ( subject and direct object ) transitive.
Tempus: Tempus denotes the relative time ratio of the event, first from the time of the speech act of view ( absolute tense ): present, past, future tense. In addition, to express the time delay of an event in relation to an event other than prematurity, simultaneity or posteriority so-called relative tenses, for example, the pluperfect ( German: perfect past) as prematurity for the past, the perfect tense ( German: perfect present) as prematurity for the present or the future II as prematurity for the future.

These categories are not always clearly distinguish necessarily in different languages. Thus the Indo-European languages tend to mix categories such as tense, aspect or mode together.

Overview:

Singular | Plural

Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative

Active and Passive

1st, 2nd and 3rd person

Infinitive | Inflektiv | Present participle | participle

The - progressive (not yet securely established )

Classifications

According to morphological criteria

By type of conjugation verbs into strong ( jump ), weak ( love ) and irregular ( go ) are divided.

According to syntactic criteria

Relation to the predicate: verb | Non - verb ( auxiliary verb )

After the function in the formation of the predicate dividing the verbs in verb ( main verb, copula, Gefügeverb ) and non- verb ( Nebenverb, Modalitätsverb, auxiliary verb ( in the broad sense ) ) a.

Verbs are verbs that can form the predicate in a sentence alone. Kopulaverben ( be, be, remain ) are also capable of predicate alone, however, are most often used with an extension ( "He will Greeks ", "You were heard " ), whereby they become auxiliary verbs ( see below).

Non- verbs are verbs that can not alone form the predicate.

Among the non- verbs are counted:

Auxiliary verbs ( have, be, be )
Modal verbs ( may, can ... )
Modifying verbs ( seem to need ... )
Verbs (in conjunction with nominal component )
Get verbs ( he gets the book given )

Relation to the object: verb transitive | intransitive verb

After her relationship with the object, the verbs are divided into transitive verb and intransitive verb

Relation to the subject: personal verb | impersonal verb

After the relationship with the subject, a distinction personal verbs and impersonal verbs.

Relation to the subject and object

Not reflexive | reflexive, including reciprocal verbs

After her relationship with subject and object, the verbs can be divided into non- reflexive and reflexive, including reciprocal verbs.

According to the valence: mono-or polyvalent verbs

After the number of bonds and bond options ( valence ) verbs are divided into avalente ( zero-valent ) verbs | monovalent ( monovalent ) verbs | bivalent ( divalent ) verbs | trivalent ( trivalent ) verbs.

According to semantic criteria

The classification of verbs in a semantic point is varied. The terminology inconsistent.

State, process and action verbs

Widespread is the division into:

State verbs
Action verbs ( Verlaufsverb )
Action verbs ( activity verbs)

It is sometimes instead of process verbs of process verbs (eg: bloom ) on the one hand and causation verbs (eg: wake ) on the other hand spoke.

After the action: perfektives verb | verb imperfektives

According to the type of action verbs are divided into perfektives verb ( terminatives verb) and imperfektives verb ( verb duratives )

Durative verbs are those which characterize the pure flow or course of events.

Example: bloom, live, dream

Perfective verbs limits the course of events in time or express a transition.

Example: blossom, wake up

By etymological criteria

Many verbs are Basislexeme that are not derived from other words. Other verbs are derivative forms, for example, by:

Adjectives; Examples: redden, zoom
Nouns: trumpets, ensnare, address
Proper names: X-ray, beck knives, hartzen; Berliners, shanghai

Other verbs are formed by composition, such as a combination of verbs with:

Adjectives (black work, free hold, make up )
Nouns ( emergency landing, ensure vacuuming, be sorry, just do be careful, breaststroke )

Kinds and types of verbs

Here is an alphabetical overview of the kinds and types of verbs is given. This list is not exhaustive. It should be noted that both same is named differently as well with the same expression, depending on the theory / school / Author Different is understood.

Atelisches verb:

The term atelisches verb ( synonym: imperfektives verb ) refers to verbs, " the static states or relations or dynamic operations, processes, activities that do not require a culmination or endpoint ".

Atelische verbs are further divided into Activities ' (example: sleeping ) and States (for example, know).

Finite verb form

Funktionsverb:

As Funktionsverb is called verbs when they have lost their " actual" meaning as a full verb (almost entirely ) in connection with certain nouns.

Gefügeverb:

Gefügeverb called " verbs that can not stand alone in a sentence, but must be combined with an extension. ". The Gefügeverb and its extension form a Verbgefüge that the set forms a predicate as a whole and meaning and valency is.

As you can see structure verbs impersonal verbs, reflexive verbs, verbs and other verbs structure to

Gerundive verb:

As a gerundive verb is referred to be the verb "unless it occurs in combination with an auxiliary verb ( in the infinitive to ). "

Action verb:

As an action verb (also: Tätigkeitsverb ( in the broad sense ); engl: verb of action. ) Refers to verbs that describe an activity.

For event semantics includes an action verb " an event or a situation of general argument".

Main verb:

Main verbs are verbs that can occur in the sentence without other verbs.

We considered the main verb verb, the Kopulaverb and Gefügeverb.

Auxiliary verb

The term auxiliary verb (also:. Auxiliary verb, auxiliary, Auxiliarverb; engl auxiliary ( verb ) ) called " verbs that are used to form composite verb forms. " Need " for the complete predicate another verb or any other supplement. ".

Sometimes a distinction is tense, subjunctive, passive auxiliary verbs

As a counter- term is the main verb. The division into auxiliary and main verb is disputed. The Duden grammar attracts traditional designation auxiliary verb before the verb category with special function.

Imperfektives verb:

The term imperfektives verb is synonymous with the term atelisches verb and refers to a verb that " the mere expiration or course of events " indicates.

Impersonal constructions:

Instead of impersonal constructions one also speaks of impersonal verb

Inchoatives verb:

Synonym for ingressives Conn.

Ingressives verb:

The ingressive verb (also: inchoatives verb ) is a perfektives verb that indicates the start of an event.

Intransitive verb

Causative verb

Klassifizierndes verb:

Classifying verbs are " action verbs having different moprhologische forms in various types of objects that are characteristic for each of the object. "

Kopulaverb (also: copula verb )

Medial verb:

As a medial verb (also: Mittelverb; engl. Middle verb ) sells verbs called, " which can form neither a passive nor are combined with modal adverbs: similar, cost, think fit " and the other " verbs in Reflexivkonstruktionen type, The door opens. '"

Modalitätsverb:

As Modalitätsverben verbs are called that occur to express the meaning in question only in combination with other verbs. They require an infinitive with to and change the modality of standing in the infinitive Vollverbs.

A verb can occur as a verb or ( in a different sense ) as Modalitätsverb ( in German ).

Modal verb:

As a modal verb (also modal auxiliary verb ) refers to verbs that " in connection with a verb in the infinitive from [ say ] that something is possible, necessary, wanted, permits required. "

Modifying a verb:

By modifying a verb a (nother ) verb is modified with the infinitive to its content.

Are called verbs such as threatening, have, make, maintain, seem, fortune, promise.

Zero-valent verb:

As a zero-valent verb is called a verb that requires no supplement (see valency (linguistics) ).

Partikelverb:

From a Partikelverb (also: Distanzkompositum; Partikelkompositum ), one speaks in compound verbs, " whose Erstglieder ( the so-called particle or Verbzusätze. ) May occur separately in certain syntactic constructions in Dt from the verb stem. . ."

Perfektives verb:

The perfective verb (also: terminatives verb; telisches verb) is a verb that denotes a time-limited events.

A distinction between the verb and the resultative verb ingressiven

According to the Duden grammar of the expression is perfektives obsolete verb ( quasi- ) synonymous telisches for the verb phrase

Personal verb | impersonal verb: see schedule

Privativum:

As privativum a verb of content ( semantic ) reasons is called when it eliminated from an initial meaning something.

Reflexive verb

Tätigkeitsverb:

The term Tätigkeitsverb is partly the same meaning ( synonyms ) as action verb, sometimes used in a narrower sense than atelisches action verb.

Telisches verb

A telisches verb (also perfektives verb, terminatives verb) is a verb that operations ( actions, events ) describes that require an endpoint but " not necessarily occur " must.

Terminatives verb: verb synonym for telisches

Transitive verb

Impersonal verb (see schedule )

Irregular verb

Verb with special function:

In the Duden grammar used term for verbs other than verbs " only as components of multi-part ( complex ) predicates (occur ) to".

For this purpose the infinitregierende verb are counted (example: Egon has played), predicate verbs ( Kopulaverben; seem, seem, their names) and verbs ( example: a promise ).

Verb:

A verb is a verb, which alone can form the predicate in finite form.

Action verb:

"Action verbs are not agentive verbs with dynamic action type. "

Zustandsverb:

" State verbs are atelische verbs that describe static relations or situations and require no typical agent as subject ".

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