Virus processing

Under virus inactivation is defined as the loss of infectivity of viruses by the action of various substances, heat or radiation. The virus inactivation with various technical methods is a special form of sterilization or disinfection. Since you do not, the terms " killed " " germ-free " or viruses may apply (viruses are not Germs still independently living organisms ), has established itself in virology, the concept of virus inactivation.

Methods

Depending on the virus species and the material to be inactivated in or on the virus, different inactivation methods are used. Most common is the use of virucides. These substances may damage the surface of a virus proteins denature ( eg, formaldehyde ), the lipids from a viral envelope remove (alcohols, detergents ) or directly the nucleic acid of the viral genome damage ( alkylating agents ). Viruses can also be inactivated by heat or irradiation with UV light. Of special significance is the virus inactivation in the production of inactivated vaccines and blood products in transfusion medicine. In the latter virus to be inactivated without adversely affecting the desired blood components.

This is particularly important in the production of coagulation factors in plasma fractionation, such as Factor VIII, Factor IX, or PCC, and for the purification of human albumin, fibrin, hyperimmunoglobulin and immunoglobulin preparations. In addition to the irradiation with UV light and may be a combination with methylene blue or riboflavin, (S / D) are also the so-called solvent - detergent method mild detergents used. The main hazard of methylene blue photo- inactivation of viruses is the methylene blue photo- activation of fibrinogen, this can trigger disseminated intravascular coagulation.

Heat inactivation

From company Behring, a method is derived for heat inactivation. Already in May 1983 it was reported that heating of blood products also inactivates the HIV virus. This method of viral inactivation in blood products was 1984/85 coverage introduced (see also: infection by HIV - contaminated blood products). At a temperature of 55-70 ° C ( moist heat ) occurs within a few minutes to denature the viral envelope and thus to a Infektiositätsverlust.

Swell

  • Allan D. Russell, William B. Hugo, Graham A. Ayliffe (ed.): Principles and Practice of Disinfection, Preservation and Sterilization. 3rd edition, Blackwell, Oxford 1999, ISBN 0-632-04194-3, pp. 168ff.
  • Alberto Alvarez- Larrán include: Methylene blue- photoinactivated vs. plasma. fresh-frozen plasma as replacement fluid for plasma exchange in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. In: Vox Sanguinis. Internet journal of transfusion medicine, vol 86 (2004 ), No. 4, pp. 246-251, ISSN 0042-9007 (Review) PMID 15144529
  • Stephen J. Wagner: Virus inactivation in blood components by photoactive phenothiazine dyes. In: Transfusion Medicine Reviews, Vol 16 (2002 ), No. 1, pp. 61-66, ISSN 0887-7963 (Review) PMID 11788930
  • Bernard Horowitz, among others: Virus inactivation by solvent / detergent treatment and the manufacture of SD - plasma. In: Vox Sanguinis. Internet journal of transfusion medicine, vol 74 (1998), Supplement 1, pp. 203-206, ISSN 0042-9007 (Review) PMID 9789529
  • Eleftherios C. Vamvakas, Morris A. Blajchman: Transfusion -related mortality: the ongoing Risks of allogeneic blood transfusion and the available strategies for Their prevention. In: Blood. The journal of hematology, Vol 113 (2009), Issue 15, pp. 3406-3417, ISSN 0006-4971 PMID 19188662
Disinfectant Denaturation (biochemistry) Alkylating antineoplastic agent Blood plasma fractionation Prothrombin complex concentrate Human serum albumin
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