Waste

Under waste or garbage ( Swiss also: waste, Austrian also: crap ) means you no longer need remains in the solid state, which includes liquids and gases in containers. Chemical residues are also referred to as waste materials.

Etymology

Waste for ' household waste, refuse ', OHG mulli ' waste, rubbish ' ( 11th/12th c.), MHG mulle, mul, mnd. Müller ' dust ', nd Mull, rubbish ' loose soil ' are like the collective education ahd gimulli ' dust, debris ' (9th century ), MHG gemülle, gemül ' the attrition, crushing Incurred, dust, rubbish ' and the verbs OHG mullen ( 8/9 century), MHG Müllen, müln ' crush, crush ' arrangement. mylja ' grind, grind ' to grind as schwundstufige forms listed root ie. * mel ( ə ) - ' crush, beat, grind '. Only in the 18th century, the then standard only in the North German garbage is picked up in the High German written language. Modern developments of this are trash (19th century), garbage disposal, garbage disposals ( 20th century).

Sweepings, descended return for ' sweep ' from the verb was only in WGmc. testified verb is, OHG Kerien, Kerren (8th century ), MHG core, mnd. mnl. Keren, nl. streamlined and sets Germanic * Tentative Karjan. The corresponding base word should in OHG ubarkara ' uncleanness, filth ' ( 10th/11th c.), Isl. kar ' dirt ' may be obtained. Waste referred to 'what is swept, trash ' (15th century) with inorganic angefügtem -t (as in fruit ) next evolutionarily older kerach ( 15th century), kehrich (16th century).

Types of waste

Apart from the mineral waste covers waste in private households ( household waste ) and in the industry ( industrial waste ).

Examples of waste from private households ( household waste ) are

• Residual waste
• Biowaste
• Waste glass
• Wastepaper
• Packaging ( Green Dot)
• Electronic scrap
• Hazardous waste
• Bulky waste
• Metal garbage in some communities
• Garden waste
• Textiles ( clothing collection )
• Pollutants from households

Examples of industrial waste:

• Household-type commercial waste
• Radioactive waste ( waste not subject to the law)
• Production waste
• Slaughterhouse waste
• Hazardous waste

There are over 800 types of waste. For each type of waste in the EWC (European Waste Catalogue ) is a six-digit waste number ( ASN), also referred to as waste code.

In an effort to deal properly with waste to industries, commercial sectors and disciplines have developed, which can be summed up under the term waste management, see also recycling. The Basel Convention regulates the " control of transboundary movements of hazardous wastes and their disposal ". So far, on the 160 States - committed to these policies - but not the United States.

Waste

Worldwide in 2011 about 130 million tonnes of waste were produced per person is therefore around 520 kilograms. The global data differ considerably in the different statistics.

Municipal waste generated in Europe

The annual municipal waste in some most major European countries amounted to 2011 kg per person:

• Denmark: 718
• Switzerland: 709 and 707
• Ireland: 623
• Germany: 597
• Netherlands: 596
• Austria: 552
• Italy: 535
• Spain: 551
• France: 527
• United Kingdom: 518
• Belgium: 464
• Sweden: 460
• Romania: 365
• Poland: 315

Non-European waste generation in 2003

• United States: 760
• Japan: 410

Legal classification

The recent European legislation (Directive 2008/98/EC ) has redefined the goal hierarchy of waste management. The waste hierarchy should therefore look like this:

• Avoidance,
• Preparing for re-
• Recycling,
• Other recovery, for example, energy recovery,
• Elimination.

The former general principle was: avoidance before recycling before disposal. Overall, however, the more environmentally friendly option takes precedence.

The legal classification of the waste is particularly important in view of the further uses and safety and transportation regulations. Waste is defined in Germany by the recycling law ( KrWG ). In this Act and the associated regulations, detailed rules are prevention, recovery and disposal of waste.

Waste must meet the following three criteria according KrWG to legally considered to be a waste:

The issue of mobility is, in practice, is of great importance. For contaminated soil only becomes waste when it was made movable. Due to this legal situation, for example, specific procedures used in construction before others, so that contaminated soil - a purely legal point of view - not to waste:

• Production of piles instead of bored piles. ( Drill cuttings would otherwise pursuant waste. KrWG. )
• Earthmoving bulldozers instead of excavators and trucks. ( The displacement of soil gives the floor does not give the required flexibility, which is necessary for classification as waste acc. KrWG. )
• Instead of removing PAK-haltige/teerhaltige layers, this only overbuilt ( " high Installation") are.

Under German law, however, contaminated soil, which does not fall under the definition of waste, covered by the soil protection law. Then, for example, soil remediation ordered by the competent authority.

An actual discarding occurs when the waste is actually recycled or disposed of, or if any special rule is abandoned about a thing. A Entledigungswille is assumed by law if the original purpose of a thing is abandoned, and no new immediate purpose is available. Immediately means " without further modification " of the matter. Furthermore, there is this intention to discard in manufacturing processes, if a substance is not obtained purposeful. A typical example is the sawdust from a carpenter. A Zwangsentledigung is when the original purpose of a thing was abandoned and a potential hazard exists.

The term "waste" is the term "product" to delineate. Products are freely tradable in the rule and not subject to the regulations of waste legislation, which provides for certain conditions for the transport etc.. One thing has according to the traffic view the product property if it was made purposeful, has a positive market value and meets quality standards. An example of the difficult distinction is pressed into pellets, ( briquetted ) and pre-sorted waste for incineration. At first glance, it may meet the requirements of a product. However, according to current law is the point " targeted production" is not satisfied, because he certainly would not specially made ​​, if there were no residual waste.

Another important distinction is the difference of "waste for recycling" and " waste for disposal". When recovery is the utilization of material or energy potential in the foreground, in removing the destruction of pollutants or the risk-free landfill shall prevail. One must be recycled properly and without damage. If the limits mentioned in the annexes to Krw / unused and its ordinances limit is not complied with, subject to the respective waste stricter regulations regarding transportation and disposal options.

Waste Treatment and Disposal

The waste treatment of waste can exist in the material or energy recovery ( waste disposal, such as preparation, sorting in the waste sorting, etc.). That is waste treatment plants are eg composting facilities or anaerobic digestion plants ( biogas plants or dry fermentation ) for organic waste and scrap yards ( presorting of steel or iron and other metals ), waste incineration (MVA ) or mechanical- biological waste treatment plants (MBT ); see also recycling.

Landfills are usually the unlimited storage of waste. They are divided into classes of landfills according to the type of waste that may be landfilled.