Whist

Whist is a card game for four people, from which emerged the game of bridge.

History

Whist originated in the 17th, no later than the early 18th century in England. The etymology of the name Whist is unclear. Presumably the name suggests that the game is a lot of attention and therefore " silence" requires.

Initially Whist was a game of Lower Class, but when Lord Folkestone in 1728 this game in The Crown, a London coffee house, played whist was the preferred game of English gentlemen.

In 1742 Edmond Hoyle wrote the letters A Short Treatise on the Game of Whist; this work became the rule book par excellence, and it means "according to Hoyle " as much as playing "strictly according to the rules."

The British upper class indulged in the game in the traditional clubs, such as in Crockford 's, Graham 's, or Brooks 's. A special position took a while London's Portland Club, whose regulations were generally recognized as determinative; this role has the Portland Club still in relation to the game of bridge held.

Since the early 19th century, in the period after the Congress of Vienna to Whist spread over the entire globe. On the one hand by the British themselves in all regions of the British Empire, and by all those nations which the British way of life - the style of the then most important world power - copied, such as France, Germany, Russia and Austria - Hungary.

Phileas Fogg, the main character in Jules Verne's Journey Around the World in Eighty Days spent as a member of the London Reform Club a lot of his time - especially during the trip - befitting at whist.

The late 19th and early 20th century went from gradually Bridge whist out and repressed this almost completely. As the inventor of the modern bridge applies Harold S. Vanderbilt, who on a cruise with the SS Finlandia his play partners presented his award system in 1925.

The game

The following description is based on Meyer's encyclopedia of 1908:

Whist is played by four people with full French menu ( Whistkarte to 52 sheets).

To determine the places the whole game is laid out in a crescent on the table; each player draws a sheet. Who draws the lowest card is the first donor and selects his place; the following is his vis-a- vis and ally ( Aide, friend). Similarly, the third and fourth are allied and sit opposite each other.

Everyone gets 13 leaves; it is right lifted and passed around to the left, each time only one sheet. The forehand determines the trump by it hits a sheet from another, mixed by the aide of the encoder card game; but one has no second game at hand, the dealer reveals the last ( itself related ) as a trump card.

The value of the cards is the natural the Ace through to the two; Trump stands of course the other colors. There must always be known color, and only in default thereof one must trick with a trump.

Invitate called the Preview a lower card than the Seven, so that the partner uses his highest leaf in this color and one by the higher leaves that have been in this color, freely given. Singleton called a color from the one only one sheet, such a doubleton, from which one has two leaves.

You play whist by lot and Robbern; belong to a game of ten points to a Robber two games.

The points are obtained by labeling the honors and tricks. Honors the names of the five highest trump cards (Ace to Ten), a party has three of those cards, so it counts Deux honneur, she has four, Quatre honneur, she has five, Six honneurs and puts it at two, four or six points.

Moreover, the stitches over six (the book ) are created for each stitch point.

If you play whist, without rest, so the game is finished with ten points, and what to do about it, is not marked; playing with rest, then what you did in the first ten, marked to second.

Win a party the first batch of Robbers, so goes the other party if it has already been created, return to zero, a party is on a nine, so they may use the batch only by a trick, but not by honors quit.

The Robber is, small or large, depending on the lower footwall have won a game or not. The game is simply won if the opponent five or more, twice, when they three or four, three times when it is one or two, and four times if they have not marked.

For the small Robber are usually three or five, paid for the big five or seven points.

Except Robber game and still get paid small slam ( slam ) if the other party has only one stitch, and grand slam when those has no sting, the first of three or four, the second with six or eight points.

Upon completion of a Robbers to play the Konterrobber, or the courts will be changed, and that the dealer and the forehand remain seated while the other two oscillate. After the third robber then everyone has played with everyone, and it is solved again for the places.

In addition to the whist among four people is also the whist with straw man, Mohr ( Le mort ) or blind, under three, very common. Who draws the lowest card is king and indicates. After the forehand has been played, the king gives out the cards of the straw man and spreads to this, even if the third player has admitted ( the aide of the forehand ), face up. Finally, he looks at the own card. The reverse occurs when the king gives for the straw man; then he looks at his first, last map of the straw man. After geendetem Robber the second player is king, & c

Rarely is played under three so that the cards of the straw man remain concealed and the fifth stitch is counted as a trick, of course, everyone plays by itself.

In addition to this simple whist, how it is played in England alone, one has to give the game a greater diversity, yet incorporated a number of special tours. The most common is whist with cayenne, which differs from the ordinary game by the fact that from the second game color (Cayenne ) is made and the donor determines the trump from his already besehenen card. He does not consider it to be good, he may use the words: " I push " left to his aide. The Aide must " push back ". Power of one or the other Cayenne at Trumpf, so everything is created twice. At zero or Nullo it comes here not matter, no, but to make so few stitches as possible. The tricks include double, as at Grand, the important thing being to make the most of the stitches, and there are no trumps, and in half grand and semi- zero, the first seven stitches, Grand regarded as the six other than zero bites.

Sturmwhist differs from the ordinary only by the type of paying by not only trump - Renonce, three, four, five figures, three and four aces in one hand, but also every single trick, also Schlemm and Robber are paid much higher.

Occasionally, special strokes of luck ( parades ) are paid out of hand, adding, for example four points for four aces. This is called " playing with sheep ."

Supplements

Determine the trump suit

The original rule is that the dealer reveals the last card; to determine the trump suit using a second packet was considered incorrect. Once when Lord Brougham in 1894 at the Portland Club forgot to reveal the last card because he thought he was playing bridge, he led such a the newer bridge.

Honors

In Britain and France, only the four highest trump cards, so Ace, King, Queen and Jack, when honors are: Does a party every four honors, she writes four points, one party holds three honors, she writes for two points.

Required points for winning a game

When Long whist a game is finished when one party reaches ten points; at Short Whist suffice for winning a game of five points. This shortening of the lot within five points will be attributed to Lord Peterborough in the early 19th century, as did his friends give him after a major loss of the opportunity for a short revenge.

When American Whist the game is played on seven points, and there are no points for honors.

Related Games

Whist was played apart from the above-described main variants in many different, partly national forms; e.g. Bid Whist, Boston, whist Chinese, German Whist, whist French, Dutch whist, Jerolasch, Knockout Whist, Contract Whist, whist Nomination, Norwegian Whist, Whist or Vint Russian, Scottish whist, etc.

Most of these varieties are forgotten, however, and today, as the original Whist, been supplanted by Bridge.

These, however, is the variant solo whist or short solo, in which the four players not playing together in fixed partnerships, but from game to game form shifting alliances. Solo Whist was loved playing as a loosening of a Whist game between two Robbern.

For the name- related game with dominoes see Domino Whist.

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