Wiener Moderne
The Viennese Modernism refers to the culture in the Austrian capital at the turn of the century (from about 1890-1910 ). In the political and social turmoil that will eventually bring about the disintegration of the Habsburg Monarchy, it comes to a last heyday in philosophy, painting, architecture, music and literature. The Viennese Modernism has formed as a counter flow to naturalism and would oppose "art for art's sake " (in French l' art pour l'art ) of the real in this prevailing maxim of lifelike imaging circumstances. The result is a conglomerate style, influenced by diverse, sometimes contradictory currents of the fin de siècle in Europe.
Backgrounds and influences
The conservative Catholic monarchy of Austria - Hungary has arrived under Emperor Franz Joseph I in its final phase. The industrialization proceeds relatively slowly, the administrative machinery is enormous and nationality conflicts in multi-ethnic state to a head. The capital Vienna, the 1900 has over 2 million inhabitants, more than it is today, is a melting pot of cultures, here collects the intellectual glitterati. The political life in Vienna is colorful. Social Democracy (Victor Adler ), Zionism ( Theodor Herzl ) and Austro-Marxism ( Otto Bauer) develop. Mayor Karl Lueger used in his own words the public anti-Semitism as a political strategy. 1914 9 percent of middle-class Viennese Jews. They have a major share of the artistic work, as, for example, Karl Kraus, Arthur Schnitzler, Gustav Mahler, Arnold Schoenberg and Alfred Polgar Jewish faith.
In the eschatological milieu of splendor and decline, the artists use, contrary to the sober naturalism, the interior and the psyche. It comes to the I - dissection. The ego is recognized as " irretrievably " (Ernst Mach). The relationship between the self and society, self and the world is no longer a rational way, but he shows up at the boundaries between dream and reality, between reason and emotion. A " mood " expresses for contemporaries often longer than can be said with words.
The idea was imported through direct personal relationships vanguard of committed individuals. The architect Adolf Loos was about his life impressed and influenced by his stay in America from 1893 to 1896, especially in Chicago and New York. The literary critic and writer Hermann Bahr constantly shuttled between Berlin and Vienna and was subject to even the permanent conversion by getting newer ideas. He is first Wagnerian and Bismarck trailer, then a Marxist, Naturalist, Symbolist, Expressionist and finally at the end of a conservative Catholic.
Significant names and groupings
Philosophy and Psychology
Ernst Mach came to prominence as a philosopher, physicist and philosopher of science a name. Ludwig Wittgenstein made significant contributions to analytic philosophy and philosophy of language.
Sigmund Freud revolutionized psychology by the creation of psychoanalysis. He published in 1899 his famous " dream interpretation ".
Fine Arts
The artistic works bundled in the associations of the Vienna Secession and the Wiener Werkstätte.
The three most outstanding and internationally known painter of Viennese Modernism are Gustav Klimt ( art nouveau), Oskar Kokoschka and Egon Schiele (both Expressionism ).
The architecture influenced Otto Wagner and Adolf Loos. Otto Wagner wrote a pamphlet entitled Modern Architecture from 1895, in which he declared the era and dominance of historicism (especially the buildings of the Ringstrasse in the Greek Revival, neo-Roman and neo-Baroque style) ended. The term " modernity" he does not know, he speaks only of the need to adapt the architecture to technical progress.