Woodworking joints

Wood joints are used in many different designs in Carpentry crafts and are usually provided with one technical term. They are mostly non-releasable, partially positive connections.

• 3.1 shock, Miter and scarf joint
• 3.2 groove and rabbet connection
• 3.3 slot-pin and bridge - wedge connection
• 3.4 dovetail joint and bearing edges

• 4.1 Versatzung / offset
• 4.2 longitudinal joints
• 4.3 cross-links
• 4.4 corner joints
• 4.5 combings
• 4.6 tongue and groove

• 5.1 wooden nail
• 5.2 metal nail or screw
• 5.3 plugs and spring 5.3.1 dowels
• 5.3.2 biscuit
• 5.3.3 tongue and groove

History

The technique of wood joint is probably as old as the tool shop of man. The Einspleisen a hardwood blade in a shank was a primitive wooden compound. Hole and plug connections in simple tools made ​​of wood may also be very old.

The transition to settled life led to the construction of permanent accommodation and to develop elementary Zimmermann connections. The oldest so far proven Holzververbindung dated to about 5100 BC ( Neolithic ). It was ( since 2005), found during excavations near Eythra / axles on a wooden, interlaced from oak planks split fountain version.

Basics

In a conventional timber connecting two pieces of wood are joined form-fit. In the two timber parts, the complementary form of each positive and negative as a three-dimensional shape, incorporated. A third part is only used when the separation timber of the compound is to be counter to the joining direction is prevented. In the simplest case is that a cross is attached to the assembly direction nail or screw in the classic wood connection, a wooden pen. In the carpenter's trade is mainly additionally glued, that is also integrally connected.

In the modern mass production of the elaborate individual shaping is applied more and more to the wood. The parts get easier connection surfaces and are connected by means of standardized additional parts. Apart from nails and screws come newly developed items for use. In the carpentry trade are examples for metal plates nailed through the liaison body or metal shoes that the bars are inserted. Such solutions are called compounds of wood engineering.

In joinery is despite additional fasteners mostly still the old principle that the connection remains inconspicuous. New an opposite trend, visible joints and their elements should be emphasized as design components.

Joiners Moderate wood joints

In the carpentry trade wood compounds are mostly present in furniture. For connecting wooden parts are predominantly boards to corpus- like structures or wider planks and strips to frame-like structures. Some terms for carpenter even wood joints are similar to carpenters wood compounds, with the shape is similar or the same. One example is the Blatten as Verblatten or About Blatten.

The following terms are used most frequently. They are often set in conjunction with the respect to preparing a joint two-part mold geometry, appearance, function, and the like. Many types of connection subspecies with corresponding additional terms.

Gratverbindung, Miter, tines, About Blatten, slot / pin bar / wedge, pushing and others, Tongue / groove / rabbet shafts.

Zimmermann Moderate wood joints

Zimmermann Moderate compound called the timber compounds that have been used in the traditional timber for connection of a strong timber. It has evolved with different wood construction methods, for example with carpenters roof constructions or the half-timbered house and are still used in classic quality in the restoration of historic buildings while they are being increasingly replaced by bonding techniques with the aid of iron, plastic or laminated beams in commercial timber.

According to DIN 1052 are considered carpenter regular connections (where the individual shape of each compound is in the foreground ):

• Verblattung,
• Versatzung,
• Mortise and
• Interlacing.

In a geometrically parent collection, for example, the following compounds are called:

• Longitudinal joint,
• Cross-connection,
• Corner joint,
• Oblique connection,
• ( Interlacing ).

Wood joints have been applied in the carpentry trade earlier than the carpenter's trade. However, they are here treated according to the standard wood carpenter compounds, because these are more numerous and often resemble the former. Only the Versatzung is an original carpenter even wood connection.

Subdivision and description of the carpenter moderate wood joints

Shock, Miter and scarf joint

In geometric view or according to appearance, most individual wood joints either a shock, a miter or a scarf joint.

• For an impact can be seen from the outside, that the end grain of the two generally rectangular parts of encounters to the longitudinal timber of the other. The connection can be designed very different in detail, what from the outside but is usually not identifiable. An additional connecting element can be used and remain hidden. At their grain surfaces colliding parts are not sufficiently tight to each other. The end surfaces, for example, obliquely cut ( shafted ) and connected via the resulting larger contact areas. Establishing long wooden parts of two or more parts coming sooner before in rooms Commercial. Two crashing on longitudinal wooden boards provide a wider board, which is not to see how the connection is made ​​inside.
• An angularly colliding connection is a miter when the longitudinal wood both parts extends to the outer corner. In a plan view, both parts are mitered (for example, a 45 ° angle at a right angle connector ) appear. But the bevel cut need not be continuous. An additional connecting element can be used and remain hidden.
• At a halving both parts at the connecting point are processed to about one half of its thickness. The remaining material are both parts is like two leaves above the other. Two parts with the same initial thickness are according to the connection in the same plane. About Blatten is used in both angular ( corner or Kreuzüberblattung ) and in elongating straight connections. A related, but mainly carpenter moderate connection is the combing, only one of the two parts, or each part is processed to a small extent. Main purpose is to prevent, for example, that two superimposed, intersecting beams slip against each other.

• Shock, Miter and scarf joint

Miter: bonding with invisible micro tines reinforced ( protruding spikes are removed)

Scarf joint: bonding, additional reinforcement is not required

To enhance adhesion at most additional: scarf joint miter

Groove and rabbet connection

A groove may be the same width as the inserted component. In comparison to a simple butt or miter easier are present three instead of only a contact surface, whereby the bonded joint can dispense with reinforcing additional fastening means. A narrower groove requires that the insert component processed in its thickness, for example, a sheet is created. If both parts are grooved, the connection is made by means of a to be plugged in both spring. Tongue and groove do not need to extend over the entire width or length of the parts. A truncated sheet can be regarded as cones.

A shifted to the edge of the fold groove, which has only two instead of three areas. A fold - connection requires not only bonding usually have an additional connecting means

• Groove and fold

Tongue-and- groove joint

Board with hinge, for example at the edge of a door ( detachable connection with door frame)

Slot-pin and bridge - wedge connection

The term slot is deviating used in wood connections, it is but this is usually a rectangular blind hole. In this hole the counterpart pin is inserted. The slot-pin connection is traditional, and the rectangular hole is traditionally cut with a chisel by hand.

In cylindrical shape of the slot of the workload is low, because this hole can be drilled by machine. The associated circular cones can be manufactured on the lathe. If the pin part is too bulky for the lathe, you can drill both parts and use a separate pin ( similar to a dowel ). An intermediate stage is the oval slot whose narrow ends are produced by drilling. Working with a chisel is limited to the elaboration of the intermediate region.

One on one side open rectangular slot ( colloquially a common slot ) together with the pin a strap pin connection

At a web - wedge connection, a longer pin ( web ) is inserted through the slot. At its end, the pin in turn has a slot through which a wedge is inserted. The web - spline connection is releasable.

• Mortise and tenon

Ironing tenon joint, corner joint

Mortise and tenon with two-sided miter

Dovetail joint and bearing edges

A dovetail joint is the most complex but also the most appealing of the traditional wood joints. Since the sum of the bonded contact surfaces is large, it is also one of the strongest connections. It is mostly for corner connection of two boards, the grain is cut like a comb over the entire width of the board, applied. Each tine of one part engages in the gap of the other part. Instead of a continuous shock results in a varying with each prong shock. Change on both sides of the corner edge about the board width from brain and longitudinal wood.

When finger joints are called tines with flat surfaces. Each of the two boards can be pulled away from the corner (as long as the compound is not bonded ). Dovetail joints have undercut. You can not move away from the corner of the boards provided with them in this direction is form-fitting. Perpendicular to the board, the movement is free ( for joining inevitable ).

Jointings also be made half or even completely obscured. Mainly does that apply to for dovetails. The gaps between the teeth are then not through slots more like open jointings. In all concealment but is still a narrow strip of grain to see one of the two boards. Only when the hidden dovetail with mitered no grain is visible.

A bearing edge has only one dovetail joints and the counterpart, only a groove Gratnut. The undercut is generally kept smaller than in the conventional dovetailed with several prongs. The bearing edges can also be regarded as a tongue and groove with non-parallel sheet pile walls. But it is a form-fitting and has to be joined in the longitudinal direction of the Gratnut. The same Gratnut has in its base width as the thickness of the ridged board.

• Finger and dovetailed and bearing edges

Semi Concealed dovetailed

Concealed dovetailed with miter

Bearing edges

Subdivision and description of carpenters wood joints

Most carpenters wood joints are similar to carpenters standard wood connections. They are thus the latter are essentially treated in the description above already with. Only the Versatzung is an original carpenter even wood connection.

Versatzung / offset

All bevel compounds are exclusively diverse variants of Versatzung, which is a typical carpenter even wood connection. The Versatzung is mainly used in traditional rafter roof. The sloping rafter beams are mounted on horizontal -beam ceilings ( offset ). The linking Versatzung is designed so that in addition to the contact force and the parallel to the ceiling joists acting outward thrust is absorbed by the ceiling beams.

The most important kind of misalignment are:

The Versatzung only refers to the operating forces of the rafter roof. Against lifting and moving (side and inside), this compound is secure ( staple bolt, pin, nail, screw).

Versatzungen may be covered on one or both sides by the compounds is not to the edge of the timber, in which is versatzt ranges.

• Offset types

Related or synonymously used to Versatzung terms are Klauung or Kervung. A claw- like shape is formed on the front side of a beam which abuts the edge of another. After a triangular incision stay on the edge of the front two " claws " are that comprise the edge of the beam.

Longitudinal joints

A longitudinal joint is also called shock and can have a scarf joint (see carpenter even wood joints ), a Tapping (see carpenter even wood joints ), a Hakenblattung (left figure) or via post Pfettenstoß be.

A Hakenblattung can be just like a standard scarf joint (see carpenter moderate wood joints ) or at an angle like a scarf (see carpenter even wood joints ). The Pfettenstoß via post is also called Gerber shock (right figure). With him the hook an oblique Hakenblattung is omitted. Both compounds not transmit a bending moment, which is why they must be on a post ( post) or next to it.

• Zimmermann Moderate longitudinal joints

Gerber shock

Scarf joint with additional Swallow Tail - pin ( connection not yet assembled )

Cross-connections

A carpenter moderate cross- link is a T- shaped junction ( cross of St. Anthony ). Here, a non-through mortise and tenon joint ( opposite) is mainly used. A special feature is the chest pin in the horizontal position of the mortise and tenon joint: The pin is at its top against the bars thicker wedge-shaped, making it is less likely to break in the horizontal position and vertical load ( for example DOMICILED floor).

The next common link is the standard halving (see carpenter even wood joints ).

Corner joints

The carpenter moderate corner connections are very similar to the corresponding carpenter even wood joints. A special feature is the oblique ( French ) scarf joint.

• Zimmermann Moderate corner joints

Just halving, parts on both sides of the corner in the amount offset from each other

Just halving with hook parts on both sides of the corner in the amount offset from each other

Slope ( French ) halving

Double oblique ( French ) halving

Überplattung miter

Slotted corner joint ( shear blade )

Tapped corner joint parts on both sides of the corner in the amount offset from each other

Combings

Combings are usually compounds in which intersecting parts do not lie in a plane ( first picture below ). The parts are cut only to the extent that a random mutual slipping is prevented. In carpenter moderate connections they also lie in the same plane (Figures 2 and 3).

• Carpenter carpenter Moderate and regular combings

Cross-shaped cut- combing, parts lying in two planes

Just stepped combing, parts lying in a plane

Dovetail combing, parts lying in a plane

Tongue and groove

The tongue and groove is related to the connection by means of two grooves and a spring. The spring is not loaded as a separate element, but is worked out on one side of the gespundeten board on the tiller. On the opposite side there is a groove.

• Straight bung
• Trapezoidal sheet

Woodworking with additional connecting part

The classic wood joints are as far as form-fitting that they transfer the operating forces. In the normally force-free directions they are sometimes secured against accidental relative movements. In carpentry joints that happens in most cases also a form-fitting via a third connecting portion ( carpenter regular compounds for this purpose are usually glued ). Wherein only parts of a third abutting portion is already used to make a form-fitting connection (which is then, optionally, be additionally secured against separation ).

Wooden nail

Wood nails are used, for example, to prevent a slipping out of the pin hole or pin lifts a sheet or comb. There are rounded or multi-edged pieces of wood that are beaten into a predrilled hole in the wood joint. These are made dependent on the application and particularly flexible ( sycamore, willow ), or hard wood. When multiple nails are set, they are in the fiber direction is not next to each other, so that a column of the bar is not funded by the spreading forces of the nails.

As a prudent studs wood nails can also be made clean with lace and head.

• Woodworking with additional wood nail

Two wooden nails in a Tapping

Decorative wooden nail in a canopy

Metal nail or screw

Metal nail or screw now replace the older wooden nail. Besides them come newly developed items for use. In the carpentry trade are examples for metal plates nailed through the liaison body or metal shoes that the bars are inserted. Such solutions are called compounds of wood engineering. They are not wood joints in the classical sense.

Dowel and spring

Dowel and spring are prevalent in the carpenter's trade. They are primarily involved in the wood connection, because the two main parts to be joined mostly just abut each other without taking even a positive connection with each other. Compared to the latter, the stability of the compounds with dowel or spring is low. Their advantage is the low production costs on automated machines.

Dowel

Dowels are pieces of logs usually of beech or ash but also plastic of varying length and diameter. They are glued into hole with a diameter corresponding to ( in general). Most used is the smooth or fluted dowels. A modern form is the angle plugs.

Biscuit

As a biscuit or spring shape a small piece of a spring of the older tongue and groove connection is called. The compound thus is only a few points, while the groove - tongue connection is continuous.

Tongue and groove

Two grooves, and a spring forming the classical communication with an additional connecting piece on the longitudinal sides of boards.

• Woodworking with additional dowels or additional spring

Wooden dowels and angle plugs

Biscuit ( spring form )

Two slots and a spring