Works team
As a factory team or work team in football also work self, in a team sport is referred to, that belongs to a company, and in which this company has a direct impact on the sporting affairs of the team. In most cases, this team was founded as a company sports club or as a subdivision from within the company. In particular, in motor sports (eg Ferrari in Formula 1 ) and in football ( eg, Bayer 04 Leverkusen, VfL Wolfsburg ) the name is common.
Football
Establishment of company sports clubs
The exercise of company sport has its origins in the social commitment of the workers' movements of the late 19th century. So of football were established in many of the larger companies operating sports clubs and business clubs in the early days in which company employees organized play football together. Among the most famous clubs in Germany include:
- Bayer 04 Leverkusen - founded in 1904 by workers at the Bayer Group
- Wacker Burghausen - founded in 1930 for the workers of the company Wacker Chemie
- FC Carl Zeiss Jena - founded in 1903 as a pure factory team from Carl Zeiss
- FC Bayer 05 Uerdingen - 1953 arose from the merger with the company sports group Bayer AG ( exit and renamed 1995)
- SC Opel Rüsselsheim - renamed in 1928 as an unofficial business association of Opel
- SG Quelle/1860 Fürth - 1973 merger of 1860 Fürth Fürth and BSG Schickedanz ( company sports group of source)
VfL Wolfsburg in 1945 as a national sport and culture association ( SVD) of Wolfsburg and thus not originally founded as a company sports team. After the founding of the club was, however briefly Association for Physical Education Volkswagen factory. Since a large part of the Wolfsburg citizens worked for Volkswagen and the club fought out its games in the early years of the stadium on the premises, and especially because of the Volkswagen Group is already since 1952 the main sponsor of the club and since 2007 100 % owner of the club, is also VfL Wolfsburg often referred to as a factory team.
Even abroad, were founded in the period a number of operating sports teams, some of which are now amongst the top clubs in Europe. The best-known representatives are the English clubs Arsenal FC - founded in 1886 by workers at the Royal Arsenal defense contractor - and Manchester United as a factory team of Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway and the Dutch club PSV Eindhoven, the club was founded in 1913 as the work of the Philips Group. Other examples are the FC Sochaux (1928, Peugeot), Stade Reims (1910, Pommery ) or CASG Paris (1903, Société Générale ) from France and Parma (1913, Parmalat ) in Italy. Also in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay (Club Atlético Peñarol ) founded employees of British railway companies numerous factory teams. Especially in Eastern Europe works teams were widespread during the Soviet Union, some are still successfully: Zenit St. Petersburg, Shakhtar Donetsk, Metalist Kharkiv, BATE Borisov and Torpedo Moscow are mentioned as examples.
Especially in Japan have works teams of large corporations also tradition. Early examples are Sanfrecce Hiroshima ( 1938 Mazda) and the Urawa Red Diamonds (1950, Mitsubishi). In particular, from the 1970s went the majority of clubs from works teams of large companies produced, followed by, for example, the establishment of Yokohama F. Marinos (1972, Nissan), of Júbilo Iwata (1972, Yamaha) or Gamba Osaka (1980, Panasonic).
Work teams by state authorities, there are now, inter alia, still in the top leagues in Thailand, such as Police United as a works team of the police ( since 1960) or Singhtarua FC by the State Port Authority (since 1967), and also in the West African Gambia for example, the Army ( Armed Forces FC ) or the Port Authority (Gambia Ports Authority FC ) own clubs. In Turkey had in many cities, municipalities own company sports clubs that exist at the part even today.
Company sports teams at times of National Socialism and the GDR
As of 1936, the German Labor Front founded with its sub-organization KdF in the great works of so-called company sports teams to bring in sports its ideology among the people. BSG successful in football were eg Gelsenguß Gelsenkirchen, Neumeyer Nuremberg, WCG Heinkel Rostock and WCG VW Stadt des KdF - car, the ESR of the Volkswagen plant in Wolfsburg. Which was founded in the late 1930s, Dunlop club SV Hanau succeeded as company sports club of the tire manufacturer Dunlop and exclusively with plant employees qualify for the Tschammerpokal and the rise in the Gauliga Hesse.
After the end of World War II all the sports associations were dissolved in the GDR. From 1948, company sports teams were founded throughout the country, where the term was taken from the time of National Socialism. Among the largest and most successful company sports teams, for example, bismuth BSG Aue included (now FC Erzgebirge Aue ), BSG Stahl Riesa, BSG Chemie Leipzig and BSG Sachsenring Zwickau. After the turn, most BSG disbanded or were converted into registered clubs.
Demarcation to clubs with names sponsors and investors
Not usually referred to as a factory team - but among fans and officials from other clubs disputed - are for a clubs that sell their club name to a sponsor and to other clubs who sell their shares in companies or private individuals, and thus impact on the daily operations dispose to this.
The sale of the club name to a sponsor and the associated renaming of the association was permitted in Germany in the late 1960s and practiced in the 1970s by some clubs in Germany and is no longer today. The best known examples are the SV Röchling Völklingen, which is named after the Röchling AG since 1966, and SV Waldhof Mannheim ( 1972-1978 ( SV) Chio Waldhof 07) and ASV Landau ( 1970-1979: Rubber Mayer Landau ). In Austria, the name is also sponsoring today still widespread. Thus, the SK Sturm Graz since 1969 had four main sponsors as part of the club name, currently it is since 1996 the Puntigamer brewery. Also SK Rapid Wien and SV Ried sold in the meantime her name. The best known example is since 2005 the renaming and simultaneous takeover of Austria Salzburg by the beverage company Red Bull
Since Red Bull not only operates names sponsorship, but in clubs such as FC Red Bull Salzburg and New York Red Bulls also owns the majority of shares belong these examples to the group of investors clubs. In German professional football, the 50 1 rule indeed prevents obtaining a majority vote by investors and thus started and taking over control by large companies. Accordingly, the parent club must hold the meeting of shareholders at least 50 percent plus one vote. With the so-called Lex Leverkusen, however, the exception was recognized that companies that are already involved more than 20 years at the club, can still receive or retain the majority. This exemption was particularly the two clubs Bayer 04 Leverkusen (since 1999 100% subsidiary of Bayer AG) and VfL Wolfsburg (since 2007 100% subsidiary of Volkswagen AG). In Germany Red Bull deal with the club RB Leipzig this rule by the company de jure indeed holds no shares in the club through a difficult member admission control and the onset of Red- Bull - oriented individuals in the club line but de facto still in control of the club has. In addition to the exceptions Leverkusen and Wolfsburg several clubs have sold more than 50 % of its shares in companies or private persons, but continue to hold more than 50 % of the voting shares in order to meet the 50 1 rule. Examples are TSG 1899 Hoffenheim (96% Dietmar Hopp ), TSV 1860 Munich (60 % Hasan Ismaik ), FC Carl Zeiss Jena (95 % Staprix NV) or Borussia Dortmund ( 92.76 % interests). In other European countries, especially England and France, it is possible for companies and investors to take over the majority of an association, including the right to vote. The best-known examples of such takeovers are about the top English clubs Chelsea, Manchester United, Manchester City, Liverpool and Arsenal; Paris SG and AS Monaco in France or the Getafe in Spain.
Motorsport
Also in motorsport there is the concept of the factory teams. The term refers to a team that is fully in possession of automobile and motorcycle manufacturer and is constructed in which both the vehicle and the engine itself.
Examples of work teams in Formula 1, and the Ferrari teams were (since 1950), Renault ( 1977-1985, 2001-2009 ), Honda ( 1964-1968,2006-2008 ), Toyota ( 2002-2009 ) and BMW (2006 -2009 ). In other racing classes such as the 24 -hour race of Le Mans (eg, Audi and Porsche) or the DTM works teams are common.
In motorcycle racing, the picture is similar. In the MotoGP class manufacturers Honda, Yamaha and Ducati compete with factory teams. Work teams are allowed to go there with self-developed software and hardware, have the advantage over the so-called open class must use the unit control devices, but the disadvantage that they may use less fuel content per race and fewer engines per season. Also in the Superbike World Championship experience the traditional motorcycle manufacturers Honda, Kawasaki, Yamaha and Suzuki from Japan, Ducati and Aprilia of Italy or BMW from Germany to work with their own teams.
Other sports
While it is common in the North American sports leagues that all teams are after the franchise principle company or individual, the voluntary sector is mainly in Europe in almost all sports. So in the German basketball league only sponsoring the club name is common. Nevertheless, especially the fans of the clubs to defend themselves against a large influence of the main sponsors. So, for example, protested the followers of the Brose Baskets end of 2013 with a banner and the words " We are not a factory team. Bamberg We are! " against the influence of the automotive supplier Brose. The former club Bayer Leverkusen Giants as a department of TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen was sometimes referred to as a factory team in the 1990s, although the Bayer Group only occurred as the main and title sponsor.
In Japan, it is next to football and motor sports common in other sports that corporations provide their own work teams. So take for example on the Team Badminton Championships or in the top baseball leagues only works teams participate.
In the E- Sports Asian companies such as Samsung, Acer or Korea Telcom are particularly active with its own works team.
Origins in operating sports clubs also have the German Table Tennis Clubs SG Siemens Erlangen and TTBG Steiner-Optik Bayreuth.