World Chess Championship 1886
The World Chess Championship 1886 was the first official World Chess Championship.
Although duels between those regarded as the best chess players had taken place in the history of chess several times before. But the world champion title "Champion of the World" was first awarded in the duel between the Austrian, living in the United States Wilhelm Steinitz and the originally Polish, but now in the UK -based player Johannes Hermann Zukertort.
Steinitz had seen since his duel victory against Adolf Anderssen in 1866 as world champion. Zukertort had heavily infested London won the tournament in 1883 before Steinitz and claimed his turn the title. To create this difference of opinion from the world and to determine a single, universally recognized world chess champion, the two counterparties should perform a scheduled ten wins from any number of chess games title fight. This title fight was the first recognized by all historians Chess World Chess Championship and was held from 11 January to 29 March 1886 in the United States instead. After 20 in New York City, St. Louis and New Orleans discharged rounds Wilhelm Steinitz had achieved in five drawn games and five defeats the necessary ten wins and was entitled " Champion of the World" was the first widely recognized World Chess Champion.
- 3.1 New York City
- 3.2 St. Louis
- 3.3 New Orleans
- 4.1 World Title
- 4.2 Zukertort death
- 4.3 gaming contract
Prehistory
In Europe, North America and Australia since the mid-19th century chess master had measured in tournaments. Multiple strong chess champion also had two fights against each other fought, beginning with the 1834 duel between Alexander McDonnell discharged and Louis -Charles Mahé de La Bourdonnais.
Steinitz was already in childhood as the strongest player in Prague. After successes in tournaments of the Vienna Chess Society Steinitz became a sensation in a London tournament. Although he only reached the last place, his bold style of tournament winner Adolf Anderssen was praised.
From 14 July, a duel took place in London until August 10, 1866 instead of between the force as a strongest chess players in the world Adolf Anderssen and Wilhelm Steinitz, the Steinitz with 8:6 points decided in his favor. In this duel, as ever in games between the two rivals, there was no drawn game.
Zukertort learned chess at the University of Breslau while studying medicine. His great chess career began when he lived in England, about 1872, having previously trained with Anderssen. From 6 August to September 5, 1872 Steinitz and Zukertort in London contributed a first duel against each other, the Steinitz won with 9:3 points.
Steinitz played after his victory in the Vienna tournament 1873 no serious tournaments more while Zukertort noticed in these years by positive results. The highlight of Zukertort skill level was reached after several victories in English tournaments the following years and the tournament victory in Paris in 1878.
Steinitz suggested beginning of 1882, before a consultation match against Zukertort, but he refused. Zukertort was instead willing to " play with Steinitz under acceptable conditions alone." If this Steinitz did not want him to play for the Vienna tournament in 1882. Steinitz took part in the Vienna Chess Tournament in 1882 and won together with Winawer victory while Zukertort landed on the shared fifth place. Steinitz teased Zukertort so often, even after the force as a strongest tournament in the world tournament in London in 1883. Johannes Hermann Zukertort won this tournament before Wilhelm Steinitz, and then doubted the status of Steinitz ' as Champion of the World, as it is now even as titleholder looked.
Wilhelm Steinitz moved in August 1883 in the United States whose nationality he but received only on 23 November, 1888. His first name, he changed as late as the time of obtaining citizenship in Williamsport.
Steinitz ' taunts, it might depart from a duel was Zukertort tired, and so he had a challenge to print in March 1885 in the magazine Chess Monthly. Both parties should appoint a secondary Danten and this one arbitrator.
In January 1885 the German chess magazine certified Zukertort, continue to be at the zenith of his fame and his artistry. The game style Steinitz ', however, was described by Richard Mangelsdorf elsewhere shortly before the World Championships to be safe. Wilhelm Steinitz self-reported in the International Chess Journal shortly before the start of the race, his health had greatly improved, since he lived in the United States.
Organization
On March 28, 1885 Steinitz appointed the secretary of the Manhattan Chess Club, Gustav Simonson, as preliminary Danten seconds. On May 30, 1885 Zukertort appointed the Secretary of the St. George 's Chess Club in London, James Innes Minchin. The seconds were replaced by the counterparties later by Thomas Frére for Steinitz and Zukertort for Charles Moehle. Frére and Minchin negotiated on the conclusion of the competition. On 29 December 1885, the Treaty of Steinitz and Zukertort match was signed.
The financially supported largely by patrons event was planned about nine months. It was, inter alia, the cooling-off period, victory conditions and financial arrangements discussed.
Playing conditions
Since double watches were first used in 1883 at the London tournament, there was little experience with them. Zukertort demanded two hours to change your mind for 40 moves, while Steinitz insisted on higher reflection. The counterparty finally agreed on two hours for 30 moves and one hour for 15 more trains. Games should be played on every second day from 14:00 bis 18:00 clock clock and continued from 20:00 clock to 24:00 clock. Canceled games should be completed on the rest days. In a medically diagnosed disease were able to be claimed up to three days of rest. A time limit for delays on games did not exist, but the time was credited to the waiting period. At batch aborts the delivery trains in words had to be written down and were noted when resuming in the usual notation of the game forms.
For the repetition of position the special rule was agreed that notwithstanding obtained from the applicable rules of the German chess manual in a six-fold repetition of a train series both players the right to draw a complaint.
Acts that damage the opponent during the game unfair or offensive, were subject to a fine of ten to one hundred dollars. Violations were punishable by five to fifty dollars and for delays of single combat or behavior that would have damaging effects on the revenues generated through the duel, fifty to two hundred fifty dollars fine were set. All fines would benefit the enemy.
Venues
Up to the first four wins of a party was played in New York City, then up to three more wins a party should be a guest in St. Louis, then to continue the fight until the decision in New Orleans. The first venue was Cartier 's rooms, No.80 Fifth Avenue in New York City; a venue, which so far had chess historical significance, as in these halls also Paul Morphy was the first Chess Congress of the United States in 1857 fought and won a battle against Louis Paulsen. Steinitz and Zukertort used the same board and the same figures as Morphy and Paulsen. At the opening of the World Chess Championship published forty spectators, and it was first a demonstration board used. The live transmission in various chess clubs in the United States and to London was ensured by telegraph. These telegrams (cable despatches ) have been sent with the results.
Conditions
The winner of the Chess World Championship the player should state who first wins ten victories. Drawn games were not counted. At the score of 9:9 wins the match considered a tie and the world champion title should not be forgiven. Both deposited with the counterparty in each case a use of $ 2,000. The winner of the duel should receive the full payment. Last received Steinitz, the winner of the duel, $ 4,000 in prize money, but also Zukertort was 750 U.S. dollars. In addition to Steinitz have received about U.S. $ 1,000 by betting on his victory, but this could not be proved.
Referee and stakeholders was Charles F. Buck from New Orleans.
Item 7 of the sub - rules and agreements of the competition called for the use of a demonstration board for the spectators and allowed the use of pocket chess games. However, there was analysis prohibition. The rights of the chess games should Steinitz and Zukertort belong.
Course
The following table provides an overview of results and time consumption of the counterparties. In most parts of the rejected Queen's Gambit and the Spanish section to the debate focused.
After Minckwitz the entire reflection period consumption was during the competition 48:27 hours and 31:39 hours Steinitz for Zukertort, for a total of 80:06 hours. It 844 trains were played.
New York City
Organizer in New York City was Founded in 1877, the Manhattan Chess Club, which had raised $ 1,000 for this purpose. From 5 to December 13, 1885 drove Zukertort with the RMS Etruria from Liverpool to New York City. There met him next to a Steinitz Chess Delegation of the United States. After several weeks of preparations began on 11 January 1886, the first battle for the World Chess Championship. This was assessed by Minckwitz in his 1886 published book as " the most important chess match of all time".
Of the first five games Zukertort and Steinitz won a four. It was followed by an eight-day break until the counterparty drove to the continuation of the duel to St. Louis.
St. Louis
In St. Louis, the duel at the St. Louis Chess, Checkers and Whist Club was continued.
With the Spanish Opening Steinitz won the first game in St. Louis. Beginning in February 1886 predicted the Illustrirte newspaper during the 4-2 lead Zukertort that this would not hold due to lack of stamina his lead well. In the February 13 issue noticed the newspaper that the prediction was confirmed and Steinitz probably would win the duel. After Steinitz had three more added to his victory in New York City, the duel was postponed with the score at 4-4 victories to New Orleans.
New Orleans
In New Orleans played Steinitz and Zukertort in New Orleans Chess, Checkers and Whist Club.
Zukertort won only one of the last eleven games, which Steinitz at level of 10:5 wins the title of " Champion of the World" conquered.
Aftermath
World Champion Title
Wilhelm Steinitz later became a citizen of the United States and changed his first name to William. When that he defended in 1889, 1890 and 1892 his title until he lost it in the World Chess Championship 1894, Emanuel Lasker.
Zukertort 's death
Often Zukertort exhaustion is responsible not only for his defeat, but also for his death on June 20, 1888 during the World Chess Championship 1886.
Gaming contract
The contract between Steinitz and Zukertort game is since the dissolution of the Manhattan Chess Club in 2002 in the private possession of the collector.