World Chess Championship 1985

The World Chess Championship 1985 was a September 3, be registered as a remake of the demolished World Chess Championship 1984 to November 9, 1985 duel between Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov for the world chess title. After the controversial inconclusive termination of the previous World Cup between the two rivals the duel was scheduled again with changing the tournament conditions. The challenger Garry Kasparov defeated the world champion Anatoly Karpov after 24 games and became the 13th World Chess Champion, who was aged 22 at the same time also the youngest.

• 5.1 forecast
• 5.2 hindsight

• 6.1 The case Jungwirth

Prehistory

Tournament modes from previous World Championships

The FIDE organized from the post-war battles for the championship were traditionally applied to a maximum of 24 games, with points majority was achieved. For the World Chess Championship 1978 FIDE but the mode changed to six winning plays to be achieved (Draw were not significant ), after which there a total of 32 games were played ( Karpov defeated Viktor Korchnoi 6:5 ). Even then there were voices calling or predicted a return to the limit of 24 parts, such as head referee Lothar Schmid, the mode was, however, initially retained.

World Chess Championship 1984

Garry Kasparov had qualified in 1984 as a challenger to the world chess champion Anatoly Karpov. Karpov was quick 4-0 lead, but then could Kasparov, with draw lines to draw the match in the length and charge by Karpov. After a double victory in the 47th and 48th game Kasparov had caught up to 3:5, but now the competition of FIDE President Florencio Campomanes was terminated against his will. As justification for the well- criticized demolition Campomanes stated that the forces of the player conserve and protect them from physical and psychological damage want to; double the batch number of the traditional 24 is to the right opportunity. As a substitute, the world chess championship in 1985 reported at the previous 24 games mode.

After canceling

After the demolition of questions were raised as to whether Karpov at all could be in possession of the world title or another interregnum existed. Kasparov Karpov looked no more than a world champion.

The preparations for the new duel were ' determined by seemingly arbitrary decisions Campomanes, causing it and the FIDE bodies reaped harsh criticism. Particularly for the low income which procured Campomanes and Alfred Kinzel Anatoly Karpov, they have been heavily criticized by Lothar Schmid, who in 1972 turned down all refereeing the World Chess Championship offers patrons in order to preserve the good reputation of chess.

The main referee was provided by FIDE Svetozar Gligorić, which has been criticized by Kasparov. After Karpov and Kasparov in an election, which were allowed to call each of seven names, only Lothar Schmid was named by both parties as an acceptable referee Gligorić resigned on 25 July, but was reappointed by FIDE on August 6. From 24 to 31 August 1985, the annual meeting of the FIDE took place. Campomanes was born on the evening of 24 August 1985, interviewed by Robert Hübner in the context of a TV game that played against Jan Timman Hübner whether Lothar Schmid main referee is. Campomanes was, however, it no satisfactory answer. Schmid finally had to cancel for work reasons. The FIDE at its Congress then appointed Andrei Malchev and Vlada Mikenas as referee and Alfred Kinzel as CEO of the referee committee. Even more competition conditions were established at the FIDE Congress.

On May 1, 1985, the bids were considered for the venue of the duel in the FIDE office in Lucerne, where the Marseilles Mayor le Ferre was personally present. The city of Marseille had offered 1.6 million Swiss francs, while England and the Soviet Union had offered each one million. At a press conference on May 29 in Madrid, however, FIDE President Campomanes put Moscow fixed as the venue.

Preparations of the counterparty

From 15 to July 26, 1985 Karpov took part in the OHRA Chess Festival Amsterdam, which he won with 7 points over 10 games before Timman (6.5 ) and Nunn (5.5 ).

Kasparov chose duels against Robert Hübner and Ulf Andersson in preparation. The Spiegel publishing house was a sponsor of the duel against Hübner, the Kasparov defeated from May 28 to June 4, 1985 with 4,5:1,5 points. Ulf Andersson counter, which was set in 15th place in the world rankings, Kasparov won with 4:2 points. On his visits to Germany and Yugoslavia Kasparov not held back with criticism of Campomanes and Kinzel, to which Soviet officials were amazed, because Kasparov was a member of the Communist Party. A letter to Kasparov's dispute with Gligorić was published in Politika.

Competition conditions

As with several world chess championships in the 1950s was played in the Tchaikovsky Concert Hall in Moscow.

For Karpov, Viktor Baturinski stood as head of the delegation and Igor Zaitsev, Efim Geller and Yuri Balashov as secondary Danten available. Kasparov was supported Fondern of Marmedow as head of delegation, his mother Kasparowa as a manager as well as the secondary Danten Georgi Timoshenko and Alexander Nikitin According to Manfred van. Kasparov 's second, third, Andras Adorjan, received an entry visa. Mark Weeks indicates, however, Kasparov had Josif Dorfman chosen as secondary Danten. Alexander Nikitin and Yevgeny Vladimirov were assistants while Juri Razuvayev was chairman of the delegation. Kasparov does not have its delegation in his book.

As competition format for this competition and later was set in the FIDE Congress in Tunis that on majority points in 24 games should be played at 12:12 and the world champion retain his title. Moreover, it was established for the upcoming World Cup in particular that Karpov in case of defeat still states a rematch, since this forms part of the last qualifying format was 1982-1984. The loser of the rematch fight would go directly to the candidates final, which should include 24 games. FIDE was heavily criticized for these changes, as it is too divided before Karpov. So, for example, said Grandmaster Ljubomir Ljubojević:

"The World Cup of the FIDE has lost its meaning. The privileges of Karpov are now infinite. "

Results Table

Kasparov, who was considered a great talent, and Karpov, who was established after his victories over Korchnoi unchallenged as world champion, played in the World Chess Championship 1984 their 5 to 52 and in the World Chess Championship 1985 their 53 to 76 game against each other. At first they were at an event titled Young Pioneers 1975 successive hit. After three draw -ending meetings in 1981 it took up to the World Chess Championship, Karpov and Kasparov to competed against each other again. The world champion thus recorded previously in the overall balance an advantage of 6-3 points against Kasparov, of which 5-3 points from the last duel for themselves. Kasparov, however, had, psychologically, developed and was therefore to be regarded as a dangerous opponent Karpov.

If the sealed move later appears as the game concluded, no recovery took place and the game was previously given or agreed to draw.

Course

At the opening ceremony on September 2, 1985 Garry Kasparov got drawn against the white stones for the first game.

Kasparov has already won the first game, after he had already Karpov surprised by his choice of opening variant and achieved a won endgame. After two draws, however, Karpov scored a double whammy: In the fourth game, he won by precise utilization of inaccuracies Kasparov. The fifth game decided the defending champion for himself, after he had gained an extra pawn.

The seventh game was another hard-fought, but ended in a draw. After a draw game in the eighth game was followed by a sharp ninth game. In the endgame, Kasparov sacrificed three pawns to seize the initiative in itself, but Karpov always chose the right continuation, after the game ended in a draw. In the tenth game of Karpov opened with 1.e2 -e4 and made his intention clear profit, but another draw followed.

The eleventh game went around the world. Karpov presented in 22 train by a combination material and then had to give up ( position in the diagram happened 22 .. TCD8 23.Dxd7 Txd7 24.Te8 Kh7 25.Le4 and Karpov gave up ), and then journalists exaggerated by the " error of the century " spoke. In the chess week was to read from one of the " most egregious mistake in the history of the World Chess Championships ," and the time commented that they " never seen grandmasters rarely in Karpov " such a mistake have. Garry Kasparov refuted allegations that such an incident was unique in a world chess championship, he led by six other examples in his book.

In the twelfth game of the opening was particularly known. In a lot of times played variation of the Sicilian defense of the challenger in the 8th train simply sacrificed his d-pawn ( diagram: Kasparov played 8 .. d5). After this application, the gambit was known as Kasparov Gambit. Karpov offered back to the farmers and the game ended in a draw soon.

After a draw union 13 game came in the 14th game of the opening of treatment Karpov on interest, the early pushed forward analogous to the Keres Attack of the Sicilian Defence his g -pawn. Kasparov was able, however, to compensate for the game, which is another draw was the result. In the 15th game of Kasparov won the initiative and directed against the threat of simplifications a matte case, the Karpov but dodged. The game was then given a draw, since the simplifications were unavoidable.

In the 16th game of the Kasparov Gambit was played again. This time, Karpov decided to keep the peasants, but ran into trouble, culminating in a victory Kasparov after an accurate attack. The game was voted as the best in the Chess Informant that half-year. Thus, the challenger went ahead and gave it no longer from.

In the 17th game of Kasparov spent 43 minutes for a two-edged opening move, but was later able to secure the draw. Subsequently, Kasparov took his second time out. The 18th game ended in a draw in the 23 train. Karpov had offered this and Kasparov took on after 20 minutes.

The 19th game was a new idea Karpov, for which he had to put a jumper on the edge. However, his plan did not work and the Springer remained for more than 30 trains on his unfavorable field standing while Kasparov gained decisive advantage. After Kasparov had made his train, he brought him face up on the board. Karpov was no recovery on the game.

Kasparov was, so close to the world title in the following games psychologically under pressure, which culminated in a defeat in the 22 game after two more draws. Before the 22nd game, Kasparov had two draws and one win is enough for overall victory and Karpov took his last time out. Kasparov compared his positional error in the time trouble 31 train ( Chart: Kasparov drew 31 .. Sd6 - e4) with the error Karpov in the 11th game. After another error Karpov 's victory was much easier, Kasparov was still on before resuming.

Kasparov came in the 23rd game in advantage, but could not realize, so that after a counter-attack Karpov's a draw was the result of this. The world champion thus needed a victory to defend his title, while challenger Kasparov would already get a draw the chess crown. The decision had to fall in the last game.

Karpov played in the last game to win by launching a dangerous attack on the king, but the Kasparov fended. A complicated endgame could be the result, but Karpov overlooked a figure loss. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of time duel ensued until Kasparov back sacrificed the figure, only with a discovered check to win the White Tower in the following train. Karpov remained seated for several minutes and then handed Kasparov 's hand to the task and congratulations to the world title.

"This still took several long minutes, and finally handed me Karpov 's hand and congratulated me first to victory and the world title. And the same time you hear it in the hall thundering strong reaction convinced me finally - yes, it's true! I have succeeded! "

Chess Psychology

Forecast

Reinhard Munzert holds the world chess championships for psychologically interesting. Karpov started the mistake in the match, 1984/85 do not consistently bring victory to try when he was 5-0 in the lead, but have tried not to lose yourself. Kasparov Karpov had at the beginning of the duel also underestimated. It is remarkable that Kasparov had not resigned the residue of 5-0, but fought on.

Before the second title fight Munzert predicted that both players would be schachlich equal. In a world championship reign a greatest psychological stress.

For Karpov knowledge was reassuring that he could beat Kasparov. At the end of the previous race but he was broken, so it could be advantageous to the lower lot number. It should be impressed by Kasparov several months of struggle against the impending defeat. In the knowledge that even one such projection would not be enough, Karpov will probably have to play risky.

Kasparov had expressed admiration after the World Cup 1984 on Karpov. He shall therefore approach the professional thing and spend a lot of time in a good preparation. Kasparov criticized himself that he had rashly considered a position as won, gave out, however, that the experience he had gained in maturity during the competition. Even his own impulsive game criticized Kasparov. Although he was able to impress many grandmasters by his style of play, Karpov had, however, boast with a calm position game achievements. Kasparov, however, had better prepared for the end of the first competition. Raymond Keene pointed out that Kasparov had previously lacked the experience with defeats in quick succession, he has but these proposals in the first battle with Karpov. Experience with World Championship Kasparov duels had been missing. Munzert meant that Kasparov had drawn more useful experience from the first match as Karpov.

On psychological pluses Munzert argued that Karpov could deal well with emotional situations. For Kasparov, however, speak his willpower and self-confidence. And the feeling of having been deceived by the FIDE, could make him a dangerous opponent. Kasparov also have a better memory than Karpov.

Kasparov will invest its positional play and wait for his chance, rather than too risky to proceed as in the first match. Karpov, however, will have to show decisive game.

According Munzerts the psychological component must be decisive. Chances Kasparov would be in the 60 percent.

Hindsight

In an article by the World Chess Championship Munzert wrote that the counterparty expected to have recovered their experiences from their first duel. Karpov played risky, but this would not have done that already in the first game.

Kasparov had psychologically and athletic well prepared, whereas that is doubtful at Karpov. So he came mentally cope well with his defeats in the fourth and fifth game. However, he had still shown in the benefit recovery weaknesses. So Kasparov himself called the seventh, eighth and tenth game as typical examples.

Karpov had also shown mental stability, but decreased in the last third of the duel. His defeats in the eleventh and 16th batch were depressing for Karpov. The preparation of Karpov's problems in financial matters by the press would have charged him mentally. An example of Karpov's lack of mental strength is the early offer of a draw in the 18th game despite a losing game more. Karpov should have broken down mentally after the 19th game, including Kasparov's open executed sealed move may have contributed, by his fearlessness Kasparov against Karpov and his secondary Danten demonstrated so Munzert. However, Karpov started and fought in the 20th game to the end. In the 22nd game he won, which designed the Match Output open again.

The 24th game so had to decide the duel. There Kasparov ripped off by pawn the initiative itself, but Karpov resigned not inwardly. Instead, he concentrated his forces on this decisive game.

The decisive factor in the battle was the psychological component been, in the Kasparov through targeted training had advantages. Karpov had failed such training. From the opening page of chess treatment of the players was a key factor.

Kasparov understood the psychological component of chess, which he had indicated in interviews.

Follow

Kasparov took the time after the World Chess Championship for the computer game Elite, but a call went in the real world as a businessman. Shortly before his victory over Karpov became known that he is in a relationship with Marina Nejolowa. Kasparov got for his victory 696,000 Swiss francs, while Karpov received 520,000 Swiss francs. The newly crowned world champion was planning to go into business with chess computers and thought of the construction of chess databases. A cooperation with the programmer Matthias Wüllenweber led then to the database program ChessBase for the Atari ST. Wüllenweber founded by Frederic Friedel an eponymous company, which emerged as the market leader for chess databases.

In his book World Chess Championship 1985 Kasparov Campomanes accused of having manipulated the match by breaking the first fight and the determination of terms in favor Karpov. Still have " justice " won, because ultimately won the games and not the organization have decided the contest.

Karpov did not succeed in the rematch in 1986 to recapture the title. There were other battles between the two rivals for the World Championship title, but Kasparov remained even after he initiated cleavage of the chess world 1993 to 2000 classic and accepted by the majority of chess players chess champion, while Karpov of after breaking Kasparov with the World Chess Federation FIDE 1993 this was the World Champion title awarded and thus FIDE world champion. In 2006, the separation of the chess world championship title was lifted by a union duel again.

The case Jungwirth

Particular caused a stir shortly after the World Chess Championship is the case Jungwirth. The NDR editor Helmut Jungwirth, a friend Anatoly Karpov, had the chess computer manufacturer Novag for promotional appearances Karpov between October 1978 and 17th January 13, 1981 446,177.50 U.S. dollars (then equivalent of 1.2 million DM in 1986 converted 1 million DM, 1988 converted to DM 800,000 ) to German and foreign accounts maintained. These were paid on trust accounts of Jungwirth, but this is not transferred the money to accounts Karpov on. On November 30, 1988 Jungwirth from the Landgericht Hamburg was convicted of embezzlement and fraud to a prison sentence of two years and eight months, as he had kept Karpov money for themselves. He had denied this, and claimed Karpov gave him the money, but what Karpov played. The Great Trial Chamber held Karpov's statement credible. A lost revision and an unsuccessful request for clemency could not change the verdict. After he had since January 1990 failed two adhesive footing, an enforcement warrant was against Jungwirth on April 19, 1990 by Arrest completed.

Karpov made ​​this case partly responsible for his title loss.