Xinhai-Revolution
The Xinhai Revolution (Chinese辛亥革命, Pinyin Xinhai Geming ) was a social revolution in China in the early 20th century. It began in the autumn of 1911 and ended in early 1912. Through it the first Chinese Republic was founded on 1 January 1912.
The revolution ended the reign of the last Manchu Emperor Puyi of the Qing Dynasty. This meant the end of the over 2100 year old Chinese Empire, which since 221 BC, many dynasties had stock.
The Xinhai Revolution is named after the Xinhai year辛亥the Chinese lunar calendar (January 30, 1911 to February 17, 1912, Year of the Metal Pig = 48 lunar year ).
Course
See also → History of China The revolution began on October 10, 1911 with an armed uprising in Wuchang, now Wuhan on the Yangtze River, and spread in a wave of Republican surveys through the southern provinces of China from. The concessions in Shanghai and Hong Kong as well as abroad, especially in Tokyo, a longstanding opposition had formed, which was ready for this revolution. The Emperor Puyi sent imperial troops under the command of Yuan Shikai to quell the uprising, but within a half months 15 provinces had already seceded from the government of the Qing and declared their independence.
By a telegram from Chen Qimei from October 29, 1911 Chiang Kai- shek, was led in time for desertion by the Japanese military and the return of Japan and organized an uprising in Hangzhou. Chen launched on November 3, an attack with several hundred rebels on the Shanghai factory office. He was captured by the Manchus, but freed a day later by his revolutionaries from prison. In a trial of strength with other revolutionary groups in the city he made himself the military governor. Other parts of China have already been monitored at this time of local groups through which the central government in Beijing on paper only had the sovereignty.
Sun Yat-sen learned of the successful rebellion against the Qing and immediately returned from the United States back to China.
On December 6, Empress Dowager Longyu sat the Prince Chun II as regent from.
On December 29, Sun was elected to a conference of provincial representatives in Nanjing to the Interim President of the Republic of China. Empress Dowager Longyu signed the "Edict of the abdication of the Qing emperor " (清帝 退位 诏书, Qīng dì TUI wèi zhào Shuu ) on 12 February 1912 after an agreement between the imperial court in Beijing General Yuan Shikai and the Republic government in Nanjing had negotiated. As a result, Yuan was appointed the first official president of China. (Also called Benevolent contract ) The " article on the preferential treatment of the Qing emperor after his abdication " (清帝 退位 优待 条件, Qīng dì TUI wèi You Tiao jiàn dài ), signed together with the new Chinese Republic, it was Puyi allowed to retain his titles and to enjoy certain privileges and honors of protocol. Modelled on the Italian " Law of Guarantees " of 1870, which regulated the status of the Pope in Italy.
On the revolution was followed by a long series of power struggles and civil wars, especially the Chinese Civil War. Only with the end of the Cultural Revolution, the People's Republic of China was to experience for some time peace and stability again.