Zemstvo

Zemstvo (English also Zemstvo ) (Russian Земство ) means country estate or landscape representation and referred to local self-government units at district and Gouvernementsebene, which were introduced in 1864 in the wake of liberal reforms in the former Empire of Russia.

Representatives of the nobility, city dwellers and peasants were elected for three years in the respective zemstvo. The responsibilities of the local governments included, among other things, the health, education and transportation, the welfare and care for the poor, industry, trade and agriculture. The financing was based on tax collections, which were also the respective Semstwoverwaltungen responsible.

The resulting 1914 total Russian Semstwobund involved with the Association of Cities of the army supply. The Semstwobewegung was an important foundation of Russian liberalism. Since 1900, the Semstwoverwaltungen came under increasing bureaucratic influence.

A decree of the Council of People's Commissars of December 23, 1917 / 5th January 1918 ousted the lines of the Zemstvo and municipal agencies (city frets ). A few days later, the Committee of the pipelines in the city frets were by a further decree from 4./17. January 1918 prohibited. The ownership interests had to be transferred to the Supreme Council of National Economy. Since 18./31. December 1917 had a People's Commissariat for the local zemstvo supervision. In the course of the revolutionary upheavals the zemstvo were disbanded in early 1918. Your function should be taken over by the Soviets.

The created after the reform of 1861 statistical organs in the Semstwoverwaltungen took statistical surveys before and gave out numerous charts and statistical collections for the individual administrative regions whose value, by the often tendentious editing and problematic grouping of the material on the part of Semstwostatistiker that were predominantly Narodniki was considerably reduced. However, Lenin used these statistics in detail in his first writings.

Swell

• Bayer, Erich (ed. ): Dictionary of history. Concepts and technical terms. Stuttgart 1974. S. 471
• Brockhaus Encyclopedia ( 24 volumes ): Volume 20, Mannheim 1993, p 122
• Haberkern, Eugen / gelding, Joseph Friedrich: auxiliary dictionary for historians. Medieval and modern times. Bern / Munich 1964, p 567
• GN Golikov, MI Kuznetsov: Enciklopedija Velikaja Oktjabrskaja socialisticeskaja revoljucija. Publisher Soviet Encyclopedia, Moscow 1977

• Russian History
• Administrative history