Accusative case

The accusative case is a grammatical case (Latin casus ). He marked in many languages ​​( eg, in German and Latin ) is typically the semantic role that is not active ( = undergoer; see direct object ). He is also referred to as so-called Wenfall, since one after the accusative with "Who ...? " (Or " What ... ?") Asks. It is referred to in the English grammar as the 4th case.

The term " accusative " derives from the Latin casus accusativus ( " the prosecution of respective case " ) from which, in turn from accusare, " accuse ", is derived. It is a translation from Ancient Greek αἰτιατική, aitiatikḗ of αἰτία, AITIA, " cause, reason ", but also " charge". Most scholars hold the latter translation is wrong. In the ancient world was also the translation casus causativus ( " the Ursachenkasus " ) known (see Priscian, Inst V 72 p 185, 25); However, the origin and actual meaning of the Greek designation was the ancient grammarians themselves unclear.

• 2.1 English and Dutch
• 2.2 Polish
• 2.3 Latin
• 2.4 Esperanto
• 2.5 Turkish

Accusative in German

The accusative is the German one in the article displayed morphological case ( = grammatical case ), which is indistinguishable but except in the masculine singular nominative of. Examples:

Accusative due to the Directorate

The accusative may be required by the Directorate of verbs, prepositions and adjectives, that is, according to these words of the accusative is used, since they indicate that of / / the following somewhat " suffers ".

• By: by Me
• For: for him
• Against: He ran against the tree.
• Without: I can not sleep without my teddy.
• To: The path around the lake is very idyllic.

Some prepositions of place both accusative and dative can stand. The accusative is called the direction towards a goal, the dative is the current location of. Example: Where is he going? He goes to town ( accusative ). Where does he live? - He lives in the city ( dative ). The prepositions in which either dative or accusative case may be, are: at, in, on, before, behind, above, below, beside, between.

• See: He sees the man.
• Read: Susanne reading an exciting book.
• Call: She calls him a fool ( Gleichsetzungsakkusativ below)

• Value: the result is worth the effort.
• Usual: He's used to the noise.

The Gleichsetzungsakkusativ

The Gleichsetzungsakkusativ (also predicative accusative ) occurs only with certain verbs such as name, scold, baptized. He stands next to the accusative without a preposition and relates closely to it.

• He called him a fool.
• Susanne called her colleague a liar.

The adverbial accusative

The adverbial Akkusativ (also Adverbialakkusativ ) denotes a period of time (Examples 1 and 2) or section ( Examples 3 and 4 ) and can not be replaced by a pronoun. He is not required by the verb and thus can stand even with verbs that have no complement in the accusative (2). When converting an active sentence ( 3) in a passive sentence (4 ), he remains.

• She visits him every month. (1)
• She slept all day. (2)
• He has worn the dog all the way. (3)
• The dog was worn all the way. (4)

The absolute accusative

As an absolute accusative sentence parts are referred to in the accusative, which are not required by the predicate ( verb or adjective with his ), such as the adverbial accusative. Often, the term is also used restricted, and only refers to those parts of a sentence that does not fall under the definition of the adverbial accusative and are usually interpreted as elliptical constructions.

Examples (only Verbrektion )

• : "For the grandfather to greet you. "

• Sentence: " Maurizio should ask, because he knows you! "

• Sentence: " If you do not know something, you can ask Wiktionary. "

Accusative in other languages

English and Dutch

In English and Dutch remnants of the accusative can be found at the pronouns such as him and hem ( for he and hij ) and splat ( to who). However, the terms " dating " and " accusative " for these two West Germanic languages ​​are actually not suitable because in English the forms of the accusative are completely coincided with those of the dative and hen only the use of " in Dutch, the difference between dative and accusative "or" hun "refers to formal style. The dative him from the accusative distinction was still hine in Old English. For the modern English we speak better from the lens (English: " objective case" ).

Polish

Polish is a West Slavic language, although article has, but it uses only certain cases. The endings of the noun in the accusative and nominative always differ here in the feminine singular, but in the masculine singular nouns only when busy ( people or animals). In addition, here the use of the accusative after certain verbs and prepositions is conditioned by the Directorate.

Latin

In Latin the accusative is, among other things with some prepositions, eg apud, ad, contra. He also acts as Richtungskasus ( relatively ). That's the name for example " Romam ire " " go to Rome " as much as.

Esperanto

The planned language Esperanto has, in addition to the nominative only the accusative as another case. This is formed by adding the ending -n to the stem. That's the name for example " La kato la amas Hundon " - " The cat loves the dog." This case makes it possible to set the position - in contrast to other languages ​​- as free as possible to choose: " La Hundon amas la kato " thus has the same meaning. The other cases are formed in Esperanto by introducing a preposition, such as the dative by al: "Mi donis la libron al vi " - I gave you the book.

The accusative is the learning of Esperanto is the only grammatical hurdle because beginners usually forget the -n to make the rear. Another example: " Ne forgesu la akusativon " - "Forget not the accusative ."

In Turkish, it is discriminated whether an indefinite or definite accusative present. The indefinite accusative as the nominative has no own ending during which certain accusative after a vowel harmony -i/-ı/-u/-ü obtained as the extension ( suffix). After a vowel is inserted Bindekonsonant -y before the ending of.

• Hasan bir elma yiyor. - " Hasan eating an apple. " ( Indefinite)
• Hasan Cem'i görüyor. - " Hasan looks Cem. " (Determined )