Alids

As Aliden ( ʿ Alawīyūn ) refers to the descendants of Ali ibn Abi Talib, cousin and son in law of the Prophet Mohammed. They represent a group within the so-called Talibiden ( Ṭālibīyūn ), the descendants of Ali's father Abu Taalib ibn ʿ Abd al - Muttalib, dar. Since this was a grandson of Hashim ibn ʿ Abd Manaf, the Talibiden are also Hashemites. The Talibiden addition to Aliden includes the descendants of Ali's brothers ʿ Aqil and Dascha ʿ far.

Belonging to the Aliden are all children who Ali fathered with his wives and concubines, and their descendants. A subset of Aliden represent those offspring that have emerged from his marriage to Muhammad's daughter Fatima. They are referred to in some Arab sources, in contrast to the other Aliden as Fatimids ( Fāṭimīyūn ). Even the rulers of the dynasty took the same claim to belong to this group. The descendants of Ali and Fatima are in turn according to the names of her two sons ( Prophet's grandson) in Hasaniden and Husainiden (not to be confused with the same name, but non- Alid dynasty Regional Tunisia ) divided.

The descendants of Hasan's have been identified since the 10th century as Sherif ( Schurafa ), the descendants of Husayn as Sayyid or Mirza. The Imams of the Shia are all Aliden.

The Aliden during the Umayyad

Aliden played an important political role during the Umayyad. So took Ali's son al -Husayn an Umayyad caliph Yazid uprising against the I.. Five years later, it came in the name of Ali's son Muhammad ibn al - Ḥanafiyya the uprising of Mukhtar.

With the Abbasids, the way they were Hashemites, the Aliden from the 720s were participating in the so-called da ʿ wa Hāšimiyya ( Hashemite propaganda ), an underground movement " of that from the house of Muḥammad, is consent" on behalf of (ar - Rida min al Muḥammad ) working towards the overthrow of the Umayyads. After the riots of Husainiden Zaid ibn Ali in 740, and his son Yahya had been knocked down 743, forged 744 of the Hasanide ʿ Abd ibn Hasan, the head of the Aliden was at this time, plans to take over the rule of the Islamic empire. Finally, the ʿ wa Hāšimiyya but brought there after the revolt of Abu Muslim 749 but the Abbasids to power.

Alid uprisings under the Abbasids

After the Abbasid rule beginning the relationship between Aliden and Abbasids was initially relatively relaxed. ʿ Abd made ​​the first Abbasid Caliph Abu al - Abbas as- Saffah his respects and recognized his rule.

During the caliphate of al - Mansur, however, two sons ʿ Abdullah, Muhammad an- Nafs az- Zakiya and Ibrāhīm, trailer around and made ​​the Abbasids collected the rule in dispute. 762 they undertook a large-scale revolt in Medina and Basra, where they were supported by ʿ Īsā, a son Zaid ibn Ali and his followers, the Zaydi. In a letter to al - Mansur Muhammad held the Abbasids before that they had to thank their rule the Aliden: "Only through us could you have the right to this power charge, with our party ( ski ʿ a) you come out to attain it, and our sake you have received them. " The uprising of the two, however, was knocked down a year later.

In the year 786, under the short Caliphate al - Hadis, undertook a further Alide with the name al -Husayn ibn ʿ Alī an uprising in Medina, but ended with a debacle: he was defeated in Fachch at Medina Abbasid army.

Under the Caliphate Haaroon ar - Rashid succeeded a third son of ʿ Abdallah Idris, dodge in the western Maghreb and to justify there 789 with the support of local Berber tribes a hasanidischen state. His descendants, the Idrisids, prevailed until the beginning of the 10th century over large areas of present-day Morocco. A fourth son of ʿ Abdallah Yahya, moved around in Iraq and Persia, and prepared 792 in Daylam a rebellion against the caliph before. This uprising also received the support of Zaidi. For example, to the well-known Zaidi theologian ibn Jarir Sulaimān have worshiped from Raqqa Yahya. After Yahya had but with its Zaidi followers, especially the Butriten, fallen out, and him the Barmakide al -Fadl ibn Yahya had submitted an offer of reconciliation, he laid down his arms, and was received by the caliph in Baghdad festive. The event was hailed as a reconciliation between the Abbasids and Aliden.

At another Alid uprising occurred in 814, after two years before the Abbasid Al- Ma ʾ mun his brother al-Amin defeated and had retreated with his household to Merv. The thus formed in the center of the Abbasid Empire took advantage of the power vacuum, a certain Abū from s- Saraya. He instigated in Iraq in the name of Rida min al Muḥammad a large-scale uprising, which was again among the Zaydi supported by various Shiite groups. In Kufa, Basra, the Hijaz and Yemen took various Fatimid Aliden the power and expelled the Abbasid governors from their positions. The rebellion was finally crushed until two years later.

Known Alid dynasties in Islamic history

• The Idrisids in Morocco, of which the Hammudiden, Marinids and Wattasids descended, so that today most Schurafa live in Morocco.
• The Fatimids in Tunisia and Egypt, whose parentage is disputed
• Different lines of the Zaydi in the north of Yemen
• The Safavids in Persia (Iran), where today live almost 2.7 million Sayyids
• The Hashemites in Mecca, still govern in Jordan

Today's royal dynasty of Morocco considers itself directly as Aliden or Alaouiden ( Alawites, Alawites, Alevis ) is referred to by historians but as Hassaniden or Filaliten (after the Tafilalet oasis ).