Biblical Aramaic
Biblical Aramaic is a form of the Aramaic language, as it is used in some passages of the Tanakh or Old Testament rather than the Hebrew; the term slightly differing forms of speech from different centuries. The Biblical Aramaic is not to be confused with the resulting in later times Targums, Aramaic translations of original Hebrew or Greek texts of the Bible.
- 3.1 Jeremiah 10:11
- 3.2 Genesis 31.47
- 3.3 Job 36.2 a
- 3.4 Numbers 23,10
- Genesis 3.5 15.1
- 4.1 Biblical Aramaic diachronically
- 4.2 Biblical Aramaic and Hebrew 4.2.1 similarities
- 4.2.2 differences
- 4.2.3 Sound Correspondences
Font
The biblical Aramaic used in the traditional Masoretic text of the Hebrew Scriptures, that is:
- It is written from right to left.
- Originally, there are letters only for the representation of consonants.
- More or less systematically can be used as matres lectionis four of these letters, to indicate a vowel.
- The rest (mainly short ) vowels were not expressed graphically and only by the Masoretes in the Middle Ages by a system of dots and dashes and supplemented under the unchanged remaining consonants. On this page the following inscription for consonants is used:
(*) To a confusion between the IPA characters ( for glottic closure ~ Aleph ) and [ ʕ ] to avoid ( for pharyngealized glottic closure ~ Ayin ), the former character is in the following superscript ( ʔ ).
Should also be noted:
- Some Hebrew letters (k, m, n, p, c ) have at the end of a word a different graphic form; this is given in column 1 after the equal sign.
- The pronunciation of the plosives b, d, g, p, t, k depends on their position in the word: on vocal they are often convoluted table, ie, [ v, ð, γ, f, θ, x] spoken. The spiral diagram debate is expressed in the Latin transliteration of the Aramaic used herein characters by uppercase letters (B, D, G, P, T, K).
- ה ( He) at the end of a word is not always given; in -dash texts is pronounced [h ] marked by a dot: הּ.
- The letters י, ו, ה, א ( Aleph, He, Waw, iodine ) are also used for indication of vowels, they have a different pronunciation than in the table is given: א ( Aleph ) is any long vowel at the end of a word usually / â /.
- ה ( He) called word-final [a :], [ e :], [ æ: ] and [o: ].
- י (iodine ) referred to [i: ], [e :] or [ æ: ].
- ו ( Vav ) referred [o: ] (dotted line: וֹ ) or [ u: ] (dotted line: וּ ).
- אַ / a /, אֲ / a /
- אָ / â / ( [ ɔ: ] ), אֳ / o /
- אֶ / æ /, אֱ / æ /
- אֵ / e /, אֵי / ê /, אְ (Black ) / e /
- אִ / i /, אִי / î /
- אֹ / o /, וֹ / ô /
- אֻ / u /, וּ / û /
- The schwa character ( אְ / e / ), after certain syllable laws also indicate that a consonant is followed from no vowel!
Grammar
According to laws
Verbs
Conjugation in the aorist:
Passages
In Aramaic, the following passages of the Old Testament are written ( with age ):
- Daniel 2:4 b to 7.28.
- Ezra 4.8 to 6.18 and Ezra 7.12 to 7.26.
- Jeremiah 10:11.
- 1 Moses (Genesis) 31,47.
You may Aramaic could be:
Jeremiah 10:11
- In Hebrew characters: כדנה תאמרון להום אלהיא די ¯ שמיא וארקא לא עבדו יאבדו מארעא ומן ¯ תחות שמיא
- Transcription: kdnh tʔmrwn lhwm ʔlhjʔ di - šmjʔ wʔrqʔ lʔ ʕbdw jʔbdw mʔrʕʔ wmn - tħwt šmjʔ
- Phonemes: / kidnā temrūn lehōm ʔælāhajjā dīšmajjā weʔrqā laa ʕabdū meʔarʕā UMIN teħōt šemajjā /
- Pronunciation: [ kiðnɔ: ˌ temru: n ləho: m ʔæ ˌ lɔ: hajjɔ: ˌ di: šmajjɔ: wəʔarqɔ: lɔ: ʕavðu: jevðu: ˌ meʔarʕɔ: u: mintəχo: θ šəmajjɔ: ]
- Literal translation: Thus saith unto them, gods that did not make the heavens and the earth shall perish from the earth and from under the heavens
- Translation by Luther (revised 1912): "Therefore say to them, The gods that have not made heaven and earth, they shall perish from the earth and from under the heavens. "
Then follows a not removed in the Hebrew translations אלה [ ʔel: æ: ] "this" in the meaning: "to the extent [ the Aramaic gloss ranges ] ".
Genesis 31.47
This verse is from the King James (revised 1984): " And Laban called it Jegar - Sahaduta, but Jacob called it Gal - Ed. " Laban called " Jegar - Sahaduta " is Aramaic for " cairn of witness ":
- In Hebrew characters: ... יגר שהדותא ...
- Phonemes: / Jegar śāhadūtā /
- Pronunciation: [ ˌ jəγar sɔ: Hadu: θɔ: ]
- Literal translation: Cairn Zeugnis.das ( testimony שַׂהֲדוּ = / )
Jacob term " Gal - Ed" ( גל עד ) means "stone heap of witness " ( cairns, which serves as a witness ) in Hebrew.
Job 36.2 a
- In square script: כתר - לי זעיר ואחוך
- Pronunciation according to the Masoretes: [ kat: ar li: zəʕe: r waʔaħaw: æxɔ: ]
- Translation by Luther ( 1912): " Wait me a little, I will show thee ."
This verse is in Aramaic according to Rashi 's commentary. The lemmas KTR " remain, expect," " show, announce " and HWH are Aramaic; LJ " me " and ZʕJR " small ( Aramaic ), a little (Hebrew ) " can originate from both languages .
Numbers 23,10
The first part of this verse is from the King (1912 ): " Who can count the dust of Jacob, and the number of the fourth part of Israel " The penultimate word, רבע / roBaʕ /, commonly referred to as " District " translated; Rabbi Joseph Hertz's commentary on this verse he quotes an unknown student who wants to read an Aramaic word for " dust " herein, and adds a statement of Benno Jacob, which in Aramaic of the Palestinian Christians, the word רבע synonymous with " dust " is.
Genesis 15.1
The first part of this verse is to as new evangelistic translation ': " After these events, Abram received the following message of the Lord in a vision ." The penultimate word במחזה / ba - maħaze / " in a vision " is, according to the Zohar (I: 88b ) Aramaic, because in Hebrew it would במראה (ba - marʔe ) loud.
Language comparisons
Biblical Aramaic diachronically
- Jeremiah 10, 11 uses the older אַרְקָא [ ʔarqɔ: ] instead of younger אַרְעָא [ ʔarqɔ: ʕ ] in Daniel and Ezra.
- The shape הימּוֹנ [ him: o: n] "they" ( 3. Pl. m) at Daniel seems younger than הימּוֹ [ him: o: ] to be with Ezra.
- Ezra used possessive suffixes older than Daniel: In Ezra: כֹמ ... / com / "your " (2nd Pl m. ) > Daniel: כוֹן ... / Con /.
- In Ezra: הֹמ ... / hom / next younger הוֹן ... / Hôn / "their" ( 3. Pl. m) > is only the latter form of Daniel.
Biblical Aramaic and Hebrew
Similarities
- There are the same sounds and similar sound laws (eg Patach Furtivum and Chateph - vowels ).
- There are two aspects: the imperfect and perfect, multiple root forms and both preceding and the attached Personensuffixe.
- There are some, but no indefinite article.
- There is no declination after case more.
- Some prefixed prepositions and particles merge with the following word, and thereby changes ( / wa / "and " / be / "in" / ke / "how" and others).
- Possessive and personal pronoun as object are expressed by suffixes.
- There are three numbers singular, plural and dual.
- In the personal pronouns and Personensuffixen is also in the second person ( you / her) distinction between male and female.
- At the end of the word varies in Aramaic, the notation for representing a / â / between א and ה.
- A number of identical words: אַב / aB / "father", אֶבֶן / æBæn / "stone", אַח / ah / "brother", אַל / al / " ~ not " אֵל / el / " this ", בֵין / Ben / "? between " דִין / din / " right " כְתָב / Ketab / " font ", מָה ( also written in Aramaic מָא ) / mâ / " what ", מֶלֶך / mælæK / " king ", ראֹשׁ / ROS / " head; beginning. "
Differences
- The Hebrew article is a prefix ( / ha .. / ), the Aramaic suffix ( / ... â / ).
- The Aramaic developed from the relative pronoun / dî / a particle for genitive constructions.
- The status Absolutus lose female nouns with a special feminine ending the auslautende / t /.
- Auslautendes m is an increasing number of morphemes in Aramaic n
- Some similar words ( Aramaic ~ Hebrew): אֱלָהּ / ælâh / ~ אֱלוֹהַ / ælôah / (more often is Hebrew אֵל / el / ) "God," טָב / d / ~ טוֹב / TOB / "good", שְׁמַיָּא / šemajjâ / ~ שָׁמַיִמ / šâmajim / " sky ", שְׁמֵשׁ / semester / ~ שֶמֶשׁ / šæmæš / "sun".
- Typical Aramaic expressions: אַבָּא / Abba / " the father; (Informal :) Father ".
Sound correspondences
In certain cases correspond to the following Aramaic and Hebrew sounds (some of the common ursemitische origin is specified):
( *) When Isaiah is older / ARQA /